Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of SurgeryPhysiology Previous Year Question Papers

Which of the following is a type of glial cell in the brain? a) Purkinje cells b) Basket cells c) Stellate cells d) Ependymal cells

Abnormal Hb is a) Hb F b) Hb A c) Hb S d) Embryonic Hb

Responsible for milk ejection or milk letdown a) Prolactin b) Prostaglandins c) Estrogens d) Oxytocin

The respiratory centers are located in a) cerebral cortex b) Hypothalamus c) Medulla d) spinal cord

Which of the following is not true about the parturition reflex? a) It is a neurohumoral reflex b) Oxytocin is the main hormone to induce uterine contraction c) Control of uterine contraction by oxytocin is an example of negative feedback regulation d) Estrogen increases the number and sensitivity of oxytocin receptors in the uterine muscle

All of the following are nuclear groups of basal ganglia, EXCEPT: a) Red nucleus b) Putamen c) Globus pallidus d) Caudate nucleus

In the kidney, Aldosterone mainly acts upon a) Proximal convoluted tubule b) Loop of Henle c) Glomerulus d) Collecting duct

Center for Procedural Memory (a subdivision of implicit memory) that includes skills and habits a) Neocortex b) Striatum c) Amygdala d) Cerebellum

Which of the following is not the function of relaxin? a) Inhibits uterine contraction b) Inhibits sperm motility c) Dilution of uterine cervix d) Relaxation of pubic symphysis

In upper motor neuron paralysis, a) Denervation potentials are seen in EMG b) Superficial reflexes are absent c) Nerve conduction is decreased d) Pronounced atrophy is observed

Clot retraction is a function of a) Fibrinogen b) Prothrombin c) Plasminogen d) Platelet

In which disorder, XO chromosomal pattern, the gonads are rudimentary or absent a) Klinefelter's syndrome b) Turner's syndrome c) Down's syndrome d) Testicular feminizing syndrome

Clotting time is normal in: a) Factor Ill deficiency b) hemophilia c) purpura d) factor XI deficiency

Ovulation is associated with a sudden preovulatory(surge) rise in a) GnRH and FSH b) Testosterone c) LH d) Oxygen

The muscle spindle a) Has Ib fiber a5 an afferent neuron b) Has flower-spray endings on the nuclear bag fiber c) Is stretched when gamma motor neuron is stimulated d) Gives force feedback to the muscle

How much sodium is normally reabsorbed in PCT? a) 67% b) 77% c) 97% d) 50%

Decidual cells are found in the a) Placenta b) Prostate c) Uterus d) Hypothalamus

Immunoglobulins are produced by a) neutrophil b) monocyte c) erythrocyte d) plasma cell

Single unit smooth muscle means a) Multiple fibers functioning as a single unit b) Single muscle cell c) Single stimulus to the muscle produces successive contractions d) Each muscle fiber contracts independently of other

Which of the following increases the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? a) Increase in hydrostatic pressure of Bowman's capsule b) Decrease in glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure c) Decrease in capillary permeability of d) Decrease in glomerular capillary oncotic pressure

Which of the following pituitary hormones is an opioid peptide? a) B-MSH b) ACTH c) Growth hormone d) B-Endorphin

Anaemia due to maturation defect is a) haemolytic anaemia b) microcytic anaemia c) normocytic anaemia d) megaloblastic anaemia

Main hormone in the luteal phase is a) Progesterone b) Estrogen c) Prolactin d) Relaxin

The content of which of the following gases is maximum in inspired air? a) Oxygen b) Nitrogen c) Carbon dioxide d) Carbon monoxide

First menstrual period is called a) Menopause b) Thelarche c) Adrenarche d) Menarche

Vitamin B12 absorption takes place mainly from: a) duodenum b) stomach c) ileum d) jejunum

Renshaw cell inhibition is an example of: a) Negative feedback inhibition b) Positive feedback inhibition c) Postsynaptic inhibition d) Feedforward inhibition

The hormones secreted in more quantity in the early part of pregnancy is a) Estrogen b) hCG c) Prolactin d) Relaxin

Loop of Henle handles the following EXCEPT: a) Na+ b) H+ c) Cl- d) Urea

Thyroid deficiency in children a) Down's syndrome b) Gigantism c) Ovarian agenesis d) Cretinism

Wedge pressure represents a) left atrial pressure b) right atrial pressure c) right ventricular pressure d) left ventricular pressure

Which is the best female contraceptive method after child birth, not desirous of further deliveries? a) IUD b) OCP c) Tubectomy d) Diaphragms

Normal ventilation-perfusion ratio is about a) 0.8 b) 1.2 c) 0.5 d)2.5

Spermatozoa are produced in a) Epididymis b) Seminal vesicles c) Seminiferous tubules d) Prostate gland

The true statement with regard to second heart sound is a) it coincides with the 'R' wave of E.C.G. b) it splits into two components during inspiration c) it is due to closure of AV Valves d) it makes the onset of ventricular systole

Estrogen mainly causes the development of components of the breast: a) Duct system b) Lobulo-alveolar system c) Parenchyma of breast d) Myoepithelial cells of the breast

Otolith organs are present in a) Semicircular canals b) Cochlea c) Lateral vestibular nucleus d) Saccule

Which of the following acts as a counter-current exchanger? a) Vasa recta b) Thick ascending limb of loop of Henle c) Thin descending limb of loop of Henle d) Collecting duct

Postpartum pituitary necrosis a) Nelson's syndrome b) Sheehan's syndrome c) Cushing's syndrome d) Kaspar Hauser syndrome

Lower motor neuron paralysis will not manifest as: a) Muscle hypertonia b) Muscle atrophy c) Depressed tendon reflexes d) Babinski no response or negative

Normal intraocular pressure is a) 10-20 mmHg b) 20-30 mmHg c) 30-40 mmHg d) 5-10 mmHg

The maximum volume of air that can be expired after a maximal inspiratory effort a) Vital capacity b) Tidal volume c) Expiratory reserve volume d) Residual volume

An androgen a) Corticosterone b) Transcortin c) Dihydroepiandrosterone d) Aldosterone

In a normal heart at rest, the Stroke Volume in ml is: a) 50-60 b) 70-80 c) 90-100 d) 110-120

All are true about inverse stretch reflex, EXCEPT: a) Receptor is GTO b) Afferent is ib fiber c) Afferent terminates on interneuron that contacts homonymous motoneuron d) Monosynaptic reflex

In Klinefelter's syndrome, a) Karyotype is XXX b) Tall male with small testes c) Dwarf with webbing of the neck d) Vagina ends in a blind pouch

Most important stimulus to peripheral chemoreceptors is a) Decreased PO₂ b) Decreased CO₂ c) Increased pH d) Increased HCO₃

Which of the following has the slowest conduction velocity? a) Aß fibers b) Ad fibers c) Aa fibers d) C fibers

Korotkoff sounds are produced a) by the heart b) during the recording of blood pressure c) in valvular defect d) during breathing

In sensory homunculus, which of the following body part is most represented? a) Face b) Neck c) Trunk d) Legs

Estrogen a) Causes growth of ducts of mammary gland b) Increases uterine blood flow c) Makes the cervical mucus thick and sticky d) Increases excitability uterine muscle

The conduction velocity is lowest in a) HIS bundle b) SA node c) Ventricular muscle d) Internodal pathways

Calcitriol is converted to the more active metabolite calcitriol in a) Adipose tissue b) Intestine c) Kidneys d) Liver

The amount of plasma that enters Bowman's capsule per minute is the a) glomerular filtration rate b) renal plasma flow c) renal fraction d) renal blood flow

Which of the following is not the direct function of the thalamus? a) Relay center of all sensations b) Perception of pain temperature and pressure c) Sensory-motor coordination d) Secretion of hormones

Intrauterine device does not a) Act a5 a foreign body b) Interfere with endometrial preparation c) Produce cellular reaction d) Inhibit pituitary gonadotropin release

Increased airway resistance is caused by all EXCEPT: a) Forced expiration b) High lung volume c) Dense air d) Breathing dust particles

If a muscle that has contracted isotonically is restored to its previous length, extra heat in addition to recovery heat is called a) Shortening heat b) Initial heat c) Contracting heat d) Relaxation heat

The condition in which urine output is less than 50 ml a) dysuria b) anuria c) enuresis d) azotemia

In otosclerosis, the pathology mainly lies in a) Tympanic membrane b) Malleus c) Incus d) Stapes

If end diastolic volume is 160 ml and stroke volume is 80 ml, the ejection fraction is a) 40% b) 50% c) 60% d) 70%

In which of the following is a ligand-gated ion channel a) GABAA receptor b) GABAB receptor c) Norepinephrine receptor d) VIP receptor

Number of nephrons present in both kidneys together a) 20-30 million b) 2.3 million c) 200-300 million d) 2000-3000 million

Which of the following is not a feature of Kluver-Bucy syndrome? a) Hypersexuality b) Hypophagia c) Visual agnosia d) Respond to every stimulus and explore éverything

The resting membrane potential of cochlear hair cells is a) -15 mV b) -60 mV c) -30 mV d) -90 mv

Cardiac muscle cannot be tetanized because of a) Rich blood supply b) Rich innervation c) Longer absolute refractory period d) High myoglobin content

Duchenne's muscular dystrophy is due to defect in a) Nebulin b) Dystrophin c) Troponin d) Titin

Amount of blood enters the renal-arteries per minute: a) 1801 b) 1200 ml c) 125 ml d) 700 mi

Which of the following nucleus controls the circadian rhythm? a) Supraoptic nucleus b) Paraventricular nucleus c) Suprachiasmatic nucleus d) Premammillary nucleus

The taste buds are present in all of the following papillae, EXCEPT: a) Circumvallate b) Fungiform c) Cuneate d) Foliate

End diastolic volume increases when a) Intrathoracic pressure becomes more negative b) Total blood volume decreases c) Right atrial pressure increases d) Ventricular compliance decreases

Sustained contraction of a muscle, with no relaxation between stimuli a) Muscle fatigue b) Twitch contraction c) Norepinephrine receptor d) VIP receptor

Renin is secreted by a) JG cells b) renal tubular epithelial cells c) mesangial cells d) renal interstitial cells

All the following are nuclear groups of basal ganglia, EXCEPT: a) Supraoptic nucleus b) Paraventricular nucleus c) Suprachiasmatic nucleus d) Premammnillary nucleus

Brain area that does not receive olfactory sensation is a) Piriform cortex b) Amygdala c) Anterior olfactory nucleus d) Anterior nucleus of the thalamus

The 'v' wave of jugular venous pressure (JVP) curve is caused by a) Closure of the tricuspid valve b) Closure of the aortic valve c) Contraction of the atrium d) Rise in pressure due to venous return

Iron deficiency causes a) Normocytic anaemia b) Microcytic anaemia c) Megaloblastic anaemia d) Pernicious anaemia

Heparin therapy is monitored by a) Prothrombin time b) Platelet count c) Bleeding time d) Activated partial thromboplastin time

The Scientific Name of the Stuart-Prower factor is a) Factor X b) Factor Xl c) Factor Xl d) Factor XIII

Splitting disaccharides a) Salivary secretion b) Gastric secretion c) Bile d) Intestinal secretion

The addition of sodium citrate to banked blood inhibits coagulation. By what mechanism do citrate ions inhibit coagulation? a) Antagonist to adenosine diphosphate b) Chelates Ca2+ ions c) Binds to factor VII d) Binds to factor X

Intrinsic factor helps a) Iron absorption b) Glucose absorption c) Calcium absorption d) Vitamin B12 absorption

Help to emulsify the fat a) Apoferritin b) Vitamin BD c) Intrinsic factor d) Bile salts

With a normal tidal volume of 500 millilitres, a normal dead space of 150 milliliters and a respiratory rate of 12 breaths per minute, alveolar ventilation equals a) 4.2 L/min. b) 5.6 L/min. c) 6.3 L/min. d) 7.8 L/min

Which of the following has the highest pH? a) Gastric juice b) Saliva c) Secretions of the intestinal glands d) Pancreatic juice

The dorsal respiratory group (DRG), location is in the region of the a) Nucleus tractus solitarius b) Nucleus ambiguous c) Rostral pons d) Midbrain

In infants, defecation often follows a meal. The cause of colonic contractions in this situation is a) The gastroileal reflex b) The gastrocolic reflex c) The enterogastric reflex d) Increased circulating levels of CCK

Volume of air remaining in the lungs after the most forceful expiration a) Tidal volume b) Functional residual capacity c) Residual volume d) Expiratory reserve volume

Oxygen-carrying capacity in a healthy young adult assuming a normal hemoglobin concentration of 15 g Hb/dl of blood is a) 10 mil. O2/dl. blood b) 20 mi. 02/dl. blood c) 30 mi. O2/dl. blood d) 36 mi. 02/dl. blood

The blood contained in a ventricle during isovolumetric relaxation is a) The end-systolic volume b) The end-diastolic volume c) The stroke volume d) The ejection fraction

Shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the left is caused by a) Increased pH b) Increased CO? c) Increased temperature d) Increased BPG

A vasodilator that Relax Vascular Smooth Muscle a) Serotonin b) Endothelin c) Angiotensin II d) Nitric oxide

The work performed by the left ventricle is greater than that performed by the right ventricle, because in the left ventricle a) The preload is greater b) The afterload is greater c) The stroke volume is greater d) The wall is thicker

Which of the following normally has the most prominent prepotential? a) Sinoatrial node b) Atrial muscle cells c) Bundle of His d) Purkinje fibers

The dicrotic notch on the aortic pressure curve is caused by a) Closure of the mitral valve b) Closure of the tricuspid valve c) Closure of the aortic valve d) Closure of the pulmonary valve

Small intestinal movements.

Discuss in detail about Parkinsonism. Add a note on diseases of the basal ganglion in humans.

Define erythropoiesis. Discuss various stages and factors affecting erythropoiesis.

a) What are different leads in the ECG? Discuss PR interval in detail. b) Describe the normal spread of electrical activity in the heart. c) List the chemical and neural factors that regulate coronary circulation. d) Describe the circulatory changes that occur during exercise. ?. a) Discuss in detail about the Pulmonary function tests. b) Describe the pulmonary function tests in obstructive and restrictive lung disease. c) What factors affect the compliance of the lungs? d) What factors affect the Airway resistance? || » A Firstranker's choice | » Bh Firstranker's choice », A Firstranker’s chaice

Discuss the synthesis of glucocorticoids, functions of glucocorticoids. Add a note on primary hyperaldosteronism.

Define cardiac output. Discuss factors affecting cardiac output and add a note on syncope.

What are the functional divisions of the cerebellum? Describe the functions of the cerebellum. List the features of cerebellar disorder.

What is diabetes mellitus? Discuss in detail about the hormone responsible for diabetes mellitus. Add a note on ketonuria.

Define cardiac cycle. Discuss in detail about the pressure and volume changes in the cardiac cycle.

Describe the spinal and medullary integration of regulation of posture and movement.

Discuss the following: a. Nitrogen narcosis b. Dysbarism c. Hypercapnia d. Cheyne-Stokes respiration e. Kussmaul breathing

Describe the hormonal, ovarian, and uterine changes during the menstrual cycle.

State the Bell-Magendie law and explain its physiologic significance.

Describe the factors in the genesis of resting membrane potential.

Describe and give examples of secondary active transport.

Discuss about the molecular basis of muscle contraction.

Describe and give examples of primary active transport.

Describe the functions of the thalamus.

Explain the differences between fast and slow pain.

Describe the structure and function of platelets.

Discuss excitation and contraction coupling.

Describe the steps in phagocytosis.

Describe the features of slow-wave sleep.

List the main clinical uses of the EEG.

Functions of pancreatic juice.

Explain the functions of Memory B Cells and T Cells.

Pharyngeal phase of deglutition.

Describe the effects of lesions at various levels of the visual pathway.

What is the tympanic reflex?

Explain the defecation reflex.

Describe the functions of neutrophils.

Physiological actions of testosterone. Add a note on cryptorchidism.

Functions of hemoglobin.

Define and explain dark adaptation.

Describe the respiratory changes at high altitudes.

Describe the composition and functions of Gastric Juice.

Discuss hypothyroidism. Add a note on thyroid function tests.

Gastric emptying.

Functions of insulin.

4 70-year-old male came with complaints of breathlessness and fatigue on exertion for the past three months. On examination, he had pedal edema and high jugular venous pressure, BP was 90/70 mmHg and HR 110 beats/min. What is your probable diagnosis? Explain the pathophysiological basis of the signs and symptoms.

4 40-year-old male came with complaints of upper abdominal pain since one week. Ultrasound examination reveals gallstones in the gallbladder. What is the cause for gallstones formation? Discuss.

Maternal changes during pregnancy. Add a note on parturition reflex.

A 35-year-old male presents with complaints of extreme tiredness, difficulty in concentration, giddiness, and reduced appetite. On examination, oral mucosa and nail beds are pale in color. Peripheral smear showed microcytic hypochromic anemia. What is the cause of this condition and classify anemia?

Following thyroid surgery, a 50-year-old woman developed a carpopedal spasm. The blood report showed hyperphosphatemia and significant hypocalcemia. What is your probable diagnosis? Mention two other features that can be elicited on examination of this patient. What will you administer to improve the condition of this patient?

4 50-year-old woman came with complaints of heart flushes and irritability and stopped menstrual cycles for past six months. Outline the hormonal and other changes that occur at menopause.

Describe the composition and function of surfactants.

List the factors affecting cardiac output.

Mechanism of learning and memory.

List the factors affecting venous return.

Describe the changes following nerve injury.

Sequence of events in contraction and relaxation of visceral smooth muscle.

Describe the neural regulation of respiration.

Explain the factors affecting the glomerular filtration rate.

Functions of the limbic system. Add a note on Kluver-Bucy syndrome.

Tubular function tests.

Describe the steps of neuromuscular transmission.

Name the various parts of a neuron and the functions of each.

Describe the micturition reflex.

Discuss tubular reabsorption and secretion of glucose.

Rods vs. Cones vs. Dark adaptation.

Discuss the functions of the juxtaglomerular apparatus.

Describe the length-tension relationship in skeletal muscle.

Describe and discuss mechanisms of temperature regulation.

Describe the regulation of renal blood flow.

Describe the countercurrent mechanism in the kidney. + oe

A 13-year-old boy attended the hospital casualty department with a body temperature of 101°F. He is also suffering from a running nose and sore throat for the last five days. The boy is advised to take antipyretics and antihistaminics for three days. How is the body temperature in humans regulated?

Mechanism of water reabsorption by the kidney and discuss loop diuretics.

Describe the mechanisms of heat loss from the body.

Functions of thalamus

Auditory pathways

With the help of a schematic diagram, depict the pathway of pain. Enumerate the theories of referred pain. Explain the endogenous analgesia system. Add a note on thalamic syndrome

Describe the structure and function of muscle spindle. List four differences between upper and lower motor neuron paralysis. Explain the physiological basis of anyone feature of upper motor neuron paralysis.

Define glomerular filtration rate and give its normal value. Explain the mechanism of glomerular filtration. Enumerate a method to measure GFR. What is tubulo glomerular feedback?

Describe the mechanism of actin and functions of growth hormone. What is the cause of acromegaly. List four features of acromegaly

Describe the mechanism of action and list the functions of insulin. Write four features of diabetes mellitus. Explain the physiological basis of anyone feature.

Draw a labelled diagram of ventricular muscle action potential and give its ionic basis. Describe briefly the conduction system of heart. List the features of different types of heart block

Refractory period of neuron

Major and minor cross matching

Theories of color vision

Consensual light reflex

Functions of platelets

Placental hormones

Indicators of ovulation

Hazards of mismatched blood transfusion

Hypothermia

Enterohepatic circulation of bile

Functions of middle ear

Steps of spermatogenesis and factors affecting it

Regulation of gastric emptying

Functions of Sertoli cells

Draw a labelled diagram and give the ionic basis of nerve action potential

Pulmonary surfactant

An 80 year male presented with hemiplegia with a history of severe hypertension. On examination there was spasticity of the muscles on the affected side and tendon reflexes were exaggerated a. What is your provisional diagnosis b. What is the cause of his symptoms c. Name two other clinical features you would look for to assist your diagnosis

A 60 year old male presented with mask face, resting tremor of hand and he walked with short, shuffling steps. Also, he was found to have bradykinesia of movements.

Following resection surgery of small intestine, a 50 year male developed anemia and glossitis. The MCV was 115 fl., and MCH 42 pg. a. What is your provisional diagnosis b. Which abnormal cell type can you see in the peripheral blood smear c. Explain the pathophysiological basis of anemia d. How will you treat this condition

Sarcotubular system

List the electrical and mechanical properties of smooth muscle

Chronic mountain sickness

Features of NREM sleep

Bodily responses activated by cold

Pontine respiratory centers

A 50 years male complain of increase in hunger, thirst and frequency of urination for past 3 months. His pulse is 84/min, BP 140/90 mmHg, fasting plasma glucose 200 mg/dL, blood urea - 24 mg/dL and plasma creatinine - 1.2 mg/dL a. What is your provisional diagnosis b. Give the physiological basis of increased urination and hunger c. Name an oral drug used to treat this condition

A 50 year old female complaints of intolerance to heat and increased appetite. She was found to have exophthalmos and sinus tachycardia. a) What is your provisional diagnosis? b) Give the physiological basis of sinus tachycardia and intolerance to heat c) Name a drug used to treat this condition

A 35 year old male met with a road traffic accident and was brought to casualty with bleeding injuries. On examination, his pulse was 110/min, BP 80/60 mmHg, he was restless and had cold and pale skin a. What is your probable diagnosis b. Explain the pathophysiology of tachycardia in this condition c. Mention one drug to treat this condition and give its physiological basis

Regulation of pancreatic secretion

Mechanism and function of peristalsis and segmental contraction of intestine

Counter current multiplier

Mechanism of glucose absorption in renal tubule

Facilitated diffusion

With the help of a suitable diagram, describe the 02-Hb dissociation curve and mention two factors shifting the curve to right. Enumerate four special features of pulmonary circulation. What is Haldane effect?

Define systolic and diastolic blood pressure and give their normal values. Explain the baroreceptor reflex in response to decreased blood pressure.

Addison's disease is due to a. Hyper-adrenalism b. Hypo-adrenalism c. Increased secretion of melanin d. Increased Adrenal Androgens

Pain pathway

Accommodation reflex

Brown Sequard syndrome

Mechanism of humoral immunity

Megaloblastic anemia

Hypoxia

Myasthenia Gravis

Dead Space

Functions of testosterone

Functions of Thyroxine

Mechanism of HCI secretion from stomach

Factors that stimulate growth hormone is a. Increased blood glucose b. Exogenous growth hormone c. Somatomedin d. Testosterone

A new born male presented with anemia, jaundice and generalized edema. His blood group was AB+ and the mother's blood group was A-. Three years back his sister was born and she was normal with blood group of A+. a) What is your provisional diagnosis? b) What is the cause of anaemia? c) How will you treat this condition? d) How could you have prevented these symptoms?

Temporary methods of contraception in female

A 70 year old male presented with breathlessness on exertion. On examination, his pulse was 110/min and he had edema in the ankle and feet. The liver and spleen were found to be enlarged and jugular venous pulse was raised. a) What is your probable diagnosis? b) Explain the pathophysiology of edema in this condition c) Mention one drug treat this condition and write its mechanism of action.

Micturition reflex

Define blood pressure. Mention the normal value. Explain in detail the short term regulation of blood pressure.

Describe the menstrual cycle.

The greatest fraction of water reabsorption takes place in a. Proximal convoluted tubule b. Distal convoluted tubule c. Cortical collecting duct d. Medullary collecting duct

Describe in detail the visual pathway. Add a note on the effects of lesions at various levels of the visual pathway.

Describe in detail the Corticospinal pathway. Add a note on hemiplegia.

Define Hemostasis and explain the various steps involved 10 in hemostasis. Add a note on anticoagulants.

What is erythropoiesis? What are the different steps involved in erythropoiesis? Describe the factors influencing erythropoiesis. What is polycythemia?

Describe in detail all the events of cardiac cycle with suitable diagram

Multi unit smooth muscle is found in a. Heart b. GI tract c. Large blood vessel d. Urinary bladder

Define Cardiac Cycle. Describe in detail the pressure and 10 volume changes occurring during the various phases of Cardiac Cycle.

The sensation carried by the lateral spinothalamic tract is a. Vibration b. Fine touch c. Warmth d. Stereognosis

Describe in detail the auditory pathway. Add a note on deafness.

Write from where insulin is secreted. Describe structure of insulin. Describe biosynthesis of insulin. What are the actions of insulin? How insulin secretion is regulated. Briefly mention about diabetes mellitus.

What are the different hormones produced from thyroid gland? How the thyroid hormones are synthesized? What are the actions of thyroid hormone? How the thyroid hormone secretion is regulated? Make a note on anti-thyroid drugs.

What is arterial blood pressure. What are the factors affecting arterial BP. What are the different mechanisms of regulation of BP.

Describe the phases of gastric juice secretion. Add a note on peptic ulcer.

Which of the following is a motor tract? a) Posterior spinocerebellar b) Lateral spinothalamic c) Lateral corticospinal d) Posterior column

Describe the connections and functions of cerebellum.

Asphyxia is due to a combination of hypoxia and a. Reduced oxygen carrying capacity b. Hypercapnia c. Hypocapnia d. Acidosis

List the hormones of Anterior Pituitary. Describe in detail the actions of Growth Hormone. Add a note on acromegaly?

a) Discuss in detail about the Pulmonary function tests. b) Describe the pulmonary function tests in obstructive and restrictive lung disease. c) What factors affect the compliance of the lungs? d) What factors affect the Airway resistance?

At the neuromuscular junction, the motor neuron releases a) Norepinephrine b) Histamine c) Acetylcholine d) Neurotrophin

Describe in detail the molecular mechanism of muscle contraction.

Define GFR. Give the normal value. Describe the factors influencing glomerular filtration rate. Add a note on measurement of GFR.

Describe the mechanism of secretion of Hcl. What are the factors influencing it? Make a note on GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflex Disease).

Define Erythropoiesis. Describe the stages of 10 Erythropoiesis with suitable diagram and add a note on the factors influencing it

Describe the composition, functions and regulation of 10 gastric juice secretion.

With respect to pain, a correct statement is: a. Free nerve endings are the pain receptors b. Visceral pain reaches the spinal cord through motor nerve fibers c. Fibers carrying pain impulses synapse at nucleus cuneatus in the medulla d. Pain is carried by dorsal column tract

Osmotic fragility test detects a) Pyruvate kinase deficiency b) Hereditary spherocytosis c) HbS d) G6PD

Describe in detail the menstrual cycle and its regulation

What is CSF? Describe the formation and circulation of CSF. What are the functions of CSF? What is the normal amount of CSF in human adults? Mention about Hydrocephalus.

What is pyramidal tract? Describe the origin and course of pyramidal tract? What are the functions of Pyramidal tract?

The trigger to initiate the contractile process in skeletal muscle is a. Calcium binding to tropomyosin b. Calcium binding to troponin c. ATP binding to the myosin cross bridges d. Potassium binding to myosin

How is O2 carried in the blood. What is Oxygen Dissociation Curve (ODC). Draw ODC. What are the factors affecting ODC. Mention about physiological significance of ODC.

Functions of skin

Addison's disease

The cause for the characteristic features seen when a diver suddenly comes from deep sea to the surface a. Increased arterial PCO2 b. Increased pH c. Nitrogen bubbles in the blood d. Oxygen bubbles in the blood

Taste pathway

Pain Analgesic system

Measurement of Blood Pressure

hypotension

Fluid compartments in the body

Functions of plasma proteins

The transport of proteins and polypeptides synthesized in soma of nerve cell to the axonal ending is called as a. Retrograde transport b. Axoplasmic flow c. Transcytosis d. Exocytosis

Intrinsic mechanism of clotting

Slow waves in visceral smooth muscle a. Can initiate action potential b. Are also called pacemaker waves c. Arise without an external stimulus d. All of the above

Acromegaly

Repolarization in a motor nerve is due to a. Influx of chloride ion b. Efflux of potassium ion c. Efflux of calcium ion d. Influx of sodium ion

Diffusion of ion across cell membrane

Stages of Hemostasis

Ideal site for evaluation of cyanosis in dark complexion individuals is a. Lips b. Nail beds c. Tongue d. Ear lobes

Sarcomere

Errors of Refraction

Functions of gastric juice

Properties of Cardiac Muscle

Which of the following muscle cannot be tetanized a. Skeletal muscle b. Smooth muscle c. Cardiac muscle d. All the above

Laplace law

Which one of the following is NOT true about compound action potential in a mixed nerve a. Obeys all/none law b. First peak belongs to slowest conducting fiber c. Shows different peaks d. First peak belongs to fastest conducting fiber

Describe the metabolic changes and adjustments during exercise

Functions of Cerebellum

The actin filaments are anchored to the a. H-line b. Z-line c. Perimysium d. Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Iron deficiency anemia

Extra cellular fluid

The common type of electrolyte imbalance seen after blood transfusion is a. Hyperkalemia b. Hypokalemia c. Hypercalcemia d. Hypernatremia

Tests for hearing

Lung Volumes and Capacities

Renin angiotensin mechanism

Cell mediated immunity

Which of the following hormones acts on its target tissues by a steroid hormone mechanism of action a. Thyroid hormone b. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) c. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on the collecting duct d. Glucagon

Flushing, anhidrosis, ptosis, miosis, and absence of cellospinal reflex is seen in a. Brown Sequard Syndrome b. Cushing's reflex c. Tabes dorsalis d. Horner’s syndrome

Parkinsonism

Functions of hypothalamus

Organ of Corti

Where does fertilization take place in the female reproductive system? a. Uterus b. Cervix c. Ovary d. Ampulla of the fallopian tubes

Intrinsic mechanism of blood clotting

Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1)

Non metabolic functions of cortisol

Cryoprecipitate consists of a. Packed cells b. Platelets c. Coagulation factor I and VIII d. Coagulation factor II and IX

Neuromuscular junction

Composition and functions of CSF

Edema

Urine concentrating mechanism

Inhibin inhibits a. FSH b. TSH c. ACTH d. TRH

Dysbarism

Which of the following neurotransmitters is used by the axons of substantia nigra neurons, which project to. the caudate and putamen? a. Norepinephrine b. Dopamine c. Serotonin d. Acetylcholine

Functions of progesterone

Spermatogenesis

Which of the following increases the rate of deposition and decreases the rate of absorption of bone? a. Elevation of parathyroid hormone concentration b. Elevation of estrogen concentration c. Elevation of extracellular hydrogen ion concentration d. Reduction in mechanical stress on the bone

What is GFR. How it is measured

Thalamic syndrome

Decreased arterial PO? with normal oxygen carrying capacity of blood and rate of blood flow to tissues is a. Hypoxic hypoxia b. Anaemic hypoxia c. Histotoxic hypoxia d. Stagnant hypoxia

Active Transport

Oxygen Dissociation Curve (ODC)

Composition and functions of pancreatic juice

B lymphocytes

Which of the following neurons forms synaptic junctions with intrafusal fibers within the muscle spindles? a. Alpha motor neurons b. Pyramidal neurons c. Gamma motor neurons d. Granule cells

Functions of oxytocin

Mechanism of hearing

Properties of Receptors

Example of neuroendocrine secretion a. Growth hormone b. Cortisol c. Oxytocin d. Prolactin

Counter current exchanger system

Diagram of Pacemaker potential

Describe the changes that occur in the uterus during the menstrual cycle.

Any two tests for ovulation

Lymphatic system exists in all organs EXCEPT a. Liver b. Lungs c. Central nervous system d. Intestine

Immunological test for pregnancy

Steps of Spermatogenesis

Surfactant

Regulation of pancreatic secretion Mechanism and function of peristalsis and segmental

Pathophysiology of Shock

Diagram of action potential of a skeletal muscle

The growth hormone receptor a. Must be internalized to exert its effect b. Requires dimerization to exert its effect c. Resembles IGF-I receptor d. Resembles ACTH receptor

Sodium potassium pump

Which of the following is the correct Broadmann number for the primary motor cortex? a.6 b.5 c.4 d.3

Diagram of pyramidal tract

Excitation contraction coupling

Stretch Reflex. Cardiorespiratory adjustments during exercise

Composition and functions of saliva

Functions of Juxta glomerular apparatus

Chronaxie

Ceruloplasmin is responsible for the transport of a. Iron b. Steroids c. Haemoglobin d. Copper

Two differences between UMN and LMN lesion

Components of Basal ganglia

Packed cell volume (PCV)

contraction of intestine

Factors affecting Cardiac Output

Regression of tissues as in uterine regression after pregnancy is a function of a. Nucleus b. Lysosomes c. Secretory vesicles d. Peroxisomes

Sinus arrhythmia

Blobs of visual cortex are associated with a. Color processing b. Orientation c. Saccadic eye movements d. Light perception

Two functions of hypothalamus

Uterine changes during Menstruation

Hunger center is a. Ventro-medial nucleus of hypothalamus b. Lateral hypothalamic nucleus c. Anterior hypothalamic nucleus d. Posterior hypothalamic nucleus

Cutaneous circulation

Conducting system of Hear

Any two functions of neuroglia

Which of the following filtered substances is NOT present in normal urine? a. Sodium b. Glucose c. Urea d. Creatinine

Two features of Diabetes Mellitus

Two features of tetany

Diagram of Lead II ECG

A 42 year old lady presented with easy fatigability, dyspnea on exertion. She is giving history of excessive menstrual loss of blood. On examination Pallor is present. a) What is your clinical diagnosis? b) What may be the cause for this condition? c) What are the investigations to be done? d) What complications can occur if untreated?

Frank starlings law

The intrafusal fibers of muscle spindle is supplied by a. Alpha motor neuron b. Dorsal root Neuron c. Gamma motor neuron d. Renshaw cell

Cheyne Stokes breathing

If red and green cones are stimulated equally, the color observed is a. Red b. Green c. Yellow d. Purple

Two features of Cushing's syndrome

A 50 year old lady presented with excessive tiredness, sleepiness. She had history of excessive post partum hemorrhage during her second pregnancy 25 years ago. She remembers that her BP was low that time. She is having irregular menstruation for many years. Axillary and pubic hair were absent a. What could be the condition she is suffering b. What will be the cause for this condition c. What are the different hormones involved d. How will you treat this case e. What is the cause of absent axillary and pubic hair

A 30 year old male presented with severe headache and vomiting. Examination revealed difficulty for vision in temporal area of the field of vision. a) What may be the cause for this? b) Why is he having headache and vomiting? c) Why is he having this type of visual abnormality? d) Does this patient is likely to have hormonal disturbances?

Episodic memories are formed in the a. Amygdala b. Hippocampus c. Neocortex d. Uncus

A 65 year old male patient presented with intense itching and progressively deepening jaundice. He gives Hlo clay colored stools. O/E he is having scratch marks over the body and greenish-yellow sclera. Investigations revealed serum bilirubin 30. a. What are different types of jaundice b. What type of jaundice he may be having c. Why the stool is having clay color d. Why the bilirubin level is increased e. What is the cause of itching

Uses of Ficks Principle

Kluver Bucy Syndrome

Erythropoietin secretion is inhibited by a. Hypoxia b. Androgen c. Estrogen d. Products of RBC destruction

Myopia

Generator potential

Functions of Macrophage

Counter current multiplier Mechanism of glucose absorption in renal tubule

Pharyngeal stage of deglutition

Blood testis barrier is formed by a. Leydig cell b. Sertoli cells c. Epididymis d. Vas deferens

Alveolar ventilation

Medial geniculate body is related to a. Vision b. Hearing c. Smell d. Taste

Astigmatism

Pupillary Light Reflex

Oral Contraceptive Pills

Sperms become motile in a. Prostate b. Epididymis c. Vas deferens d. Seminal vesicle

Immunoglobulin

Types of Cyanosis

Cryptorchidism

Where does the first step in the production of urine occur? a. Bowman's capsule b. Glomerulus c. Vasa recta d. Proximal convoluted tubule

Two Cerebellar function tests

Definition of Asphyxia

Scuba Diving

Structure of respiratory membrane

The property of specificity of nerve fibers for transmitting only one modality of sensation is called a. Law of projection b. Spatial summation c. Labelled line principle d. Weber-Fechner law

Two functions of platelets

The physiological basis for ‘phantom limb’ is a. Muller's law and Bell Magendie law b. Doctrine of specific nerve energies c. Muller's law and Law of Projection d. Bell Magendie law and Law of Projection

Functions of vasopressin

EEG

Draw a diagram and explain neuromuscular junction

Failure rate is maximum in which of the following contraceptive methods? a. Barrier b. Contraceptives c. IUD d. Oral contraceptives

ABO blood group system

Afferent cranial nerves for deglutition reflex are a. V, IX, X b. V, VII, IX c. VII, IX, X d. VIL, IX, X

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

Sensation carried by the lateral spinothalamic tract is a. Crude touch and fine touch b. Tactile localization and discrimination c. Vibration and proprioception d. Pain and temperature

Hypocalcemia is caused due to a. Thyroxine b. Parathormone c. Cholecalciferal d. Calcitonin

Wallerian Degeneration

Sleep spindles and K+ complexes are seen in stage___ of sleep in EEG a. REM sleep b. Stage —- 2 NREM sleep c. Stage -— 3 NREM sleep d. Stage —- 4 NREM sleep

Erythropoietin

Agglutinogen is present in a. Red blood cell b. Plasma c. Platelets d. White blood cells

Draw normal ECG

Vagal stimulation causes increase in a. Heart rate b. R-R interval in ECG c. Cardiac output d. Force of contractions

Angiotensin is produced in a. Liver b. Kidney c. Hypothalamus d. Lungs

Spermatozoa

All or None Law

Mossy fibers in cerebellum make direct synaptic connection with a. Dendrites of granule cells b. Axons of granule cells c. Dendrites of Golgi cells d. Purkinje cells

Three phases of deglutition are a. Cephalic, gastric and intestinal b. Cephalic, pharyngeal and esophageal c. Oral, pharyngeal and intestinal d. Oral, pharyngeal and esophageal

Lymphatic Circulation

The increase in heart rate following an increase in atrial pressure is called as a. Bainbridge reflex b. Volume reflex c. Cushing's Reflex d. Baroreceptor reflex

Melatonin is secreted from a. Hypothalamus b. Pineal gland c. Adrenal cortex d. Melanocytes

Stretch reflex

Composition of Semen

The afferent climbing fibers to the cerebellum originate from a. Superior olivary nucleus b. Inferior olivary nucleus c. Superior vestibular nucleus d. Inferior vestibular nucleus

Law of Laplace

The nucleus responsible for maintaining circadian rhythm is a. Subthalamic nucleus b. Suprachiasmatic nucleus c. Raphe nucleus d. Lateral reticular nucleus

Hypoglycemic hormone is a. Catecholamine b. Somatostatin c. Cortisol d. Insulin

Refractory period

Golgi tendon organ determines a. Static length b. Muscle action c. Muscle tension d. Dynamic length

In a Jugular venous pressure record, ‘c' wave is due to a. Atrial contraction b. Bulging of tricuspid valve into right atrium c. Venous blood flow into the atria d. Jugular vein constriction

Creatinine Clearance

Refractive index of cornea is a. 1.39 b. 1.33 c. 1.42 d. 1.37

Estrogen is not produced by a. Pituitary b. Ovary c. Adrenal Cortex d. Placenta

Olfactory pathway

Draw a neat diagram of Thalamus and Label the nuclei

Prosopagnosia is a. Inability to recognize faces b. Inability to recognize words c. Inability to hear the sounds d. Inability to recognize smell

Caisson's disease

The true statement with regard to second heart sound is, a. It coincides with the 'R' wave of E.C.G. b. It is due to closure of semi-lunar valves c. It is due to closure of AV valves d. It marks the onset of ventricular systole

Conducting system in heart

The Refractive error which occurs in elderly people is a. Myopia b. Astigmatism c. Hypermetropia d. Presbyopia

Elasticity of cervical mucus is seen in: a. Proliferative stage b. Luteal stage c. Midcycle d. Menstruation

Referred Pain

Large number of taste buds are on the walls of the a. Circumvallate papillae b. Fungiform papillae c. Foliate papillae d. Palate

Defecation reflex

Dialysis

Parkinson's disease is characterized by the following triad a. Hypokinesia, rigidity, tremors b. Rigidity, tremors, nystagmus c. Placidity, intentional tremors, ataxia d. Rigidity, hypokinesia, dysarthria

Mid-cycle rise of basal body temperature is due to a. LH b. FSH c. Estrogen d. Progesterone

LH surge

Taste Receptors

One decibel represents an actual increase in sound energy of a. 1.26 times b. 2.26 times c. 3.26 times d. 4.26 times

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

In a normal heart at rest, the Stroke Volume in ml is a. 30-40 b. 70-80 c. 110-120 d. 120-140

A 60 year old Male chronic smoker presented in the casualty with severe central chest pain of more than one hour duration associated with sweating and radiating pain to left arm. a) What is your clinical diagnosis? b) Mention at least one abnormal ECG findings taken in an ECG taken 6 hours after onset of pain. c) Mention about two risk factors for this pain

Lesion in optic chiasma causes a. Binasal hemianopia b. Bitemporal hemianopia c. Contralateral homonymous hemianopia d. Ipsilateral complete blindness

Most powerful vasopressor is a. Renin b. Angiotensin Il c. Aldosterone d. Cortisol

A 60 year old diabetic hypertensive patient developed weakness of right upper and lower limb and deviation of angle of mouth to left side a. What is this condition? b. Which is the system involved? c. What is the most common site of lesion?

A 60 year old female presented with history of taking some drug for long duration. On examination, she is obese and is having moon like facies, Purple Striae and Buffalo hump like appearance. a) What is your Diagnosis? b) What are the causes for this condition? c) What change you can expect in biood giucose level?

Athetosis is characterized by a. Continuous slow writhing movements b. Rapid voluntary dancing movements c. Involuntary flailing movements d. Slowness of movements

A. 10 year old child presented with bleeding gum and pin head sized bleeding points over the skin. DIE he is having pallor with generalized lymph node enlargement. Investigations revealed Hb - 7gm/dl, platelet count - 30000/cumm, total WBC count - 1.5lac/cumm. Peripheral smear shows Iymphoblasts. Answer the following questions a. What is the most likely diagnosis b. Why he is having bleeding tendency c. What is the abnormality in platelet count