Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of SurgeryPhysiology Previous Year Question Papers

Which of the following is a characteristics of myelinated nerve fibres.? a) Decreased velocity of nerve impulse b) Saltatory conduction c) Increased energy requirement to maintain ion gradients d) Increased membrane capacitance

The term "Brain of the Gut" is used to refer to the: a) Autonomic ganglia b) Enteric nervous system c) Migratory motor complex d) Interstitial cells of Cajal

Vasomotor ischemia triggers an increase in sympathetic outflow increasing BP and thereby facilitating restoration of cerebral Blood flow. This is called: a) Bainbridge reflex b) The CNS ischemic pressor response c) Head's paradoxical reflex d) Marey's reflex

Major source of ammonia production in renal tubular cell is by a) Deamination of glutamine b) Deamination of glutamic acid c) Deamination of other amino acids, glycine, asparagine. alanine d) Comes directly from arterial blood

Oogenesis begins: a) From approx 10th week of foetal life b) At term c) After birth d) At puberty

Which of the following reflexes is correctly paired with the sensory structure that mediates the reflex? a) Reciprocal inhibition-Golgi tendon organ b) Golgi tendon reflex-Meissner corpuscle c) Stretch reflex-muscle spindle d) Reciprocal inhibition-Pacinian corpuscle

Which of the following hormones lowers plasma level of ionized calcium? a) Calcineurin b) Calcitonin c) Parathyroid hormone d) PTH related peptide

Calcium channels are a) Voltage gated b) Ligand gated c) Mechanical gated d) All of the above

The normal direction of mean cardiac vector ranges from: a) 60 to -30 degree b) 60 to 120 degree c) 110 to 18 degree d) -30 to 110 degree

Cholerectics are the substances which causes a) Contraction of gall bladder b) Increase biliary secretion from liver c) Neutralization of acid from stomach d) Solubility of fats in micelles

First synapse of fibers conducting pain takes place at the level of: a) Medulla to nucleus cuneatus b) Grey matter of dorsal horn of spinal cord c) Medulla in Nucleus Gracilis d) Thalamus in posterior ventricular nucleus

Which of the following systems conveys information concerning highly localized touch sensation and body position (proprioceptive) sensation? a) Anterolateral system b) Dorsal column-medial lemniscal system c) Corticospinal d) Spinocerebellar

True precocious puberty differs from pseudo precocious puberty in all of the following except: a) Early development of secondary sexual characters b) Presence of gametogenesis c) Normal pubertal pattern of Gonadotrophin secretion from posterior pituitary d) More common in females

The term cell eating is described as: a) Phagocytosis b) Exocytosis c) Endocytosis d) Diffusion

First heart sound (HS1): a) Marks the onset of ventricular systole b) Caused by the closure of semilunar valves c) Best heard over aortic and pulmonary areas d) Characterized by high pitch and sharp sound

Feed forward inhibition: a) Helps to limit the duration of excitation of Purkinje cells produced by any given afferent impulses b) Refers to excitation of granule cells is rapidly stopped by negative feedback loop c) Determines inhibitory Purkinje fiber discharge d) Regulates excitatory mossy fiber discharge

Which of the following is not a component of the near response? a) Pupillary constriction b) Convergence of the visual axes c) Increase in convexity of the lens d) Ciliary muscle relaxation

The mechanism of action of contraceptive pills is based on: a) By inhibiting ovulation b) By increasing the motility of fallopian tube c) By decreasing motility of sperms d) It blocks the entry of sperm into fallopian tube

Meaning of Homeostasis: a) Contributor and provider b) Expand c) Same or constant d) Receiver

The release of gastrin from G cells in the antrum of the stomach is inhibited by: a) Activation of vagal efferent fibres to the stomach b) Circulating epinephrine c) Blood-borne calcium d) Somatostatin

The renal "countercurrent" mechanism is dependent upon the anatomic relationship between: a) The distal tubule and the macula densa b) The loop of Henle and the macula densa c) The loop of Henle and the vasa recta d) The glomerulus and the afferent and efferent arterioles

Satiety centre in hypothalamus is regulated by: a) Gastric dilatation b) Blood glucose levels c) Blood insulin levels d) Fatty acids

The auditory pathway passes via all except: a) Cochlear nuclei b) Superior olivary nucleus c) Trapezoid body d) Superior colliculus

Excitation contraction coupling in skeletal muscle involves all of the following events EXCEPT a) ATP hydrolysis b) Binding of Ca+ to calmodulin c) Conformational change in dihydropyridine receptor d) Depolarization of the transverse tubule (T tubule) membrane

The cardiac index is: a) Cardiac output per square meter body surface area b) Increased in old age c) Normally about 5 litre/minute/m2 d) Stroke volume multiplied by the heart rate

A proteolytic enzyme present in saliva is: a) Ptyalin b) Lysozyme c) Kallikrein d) Lipase

Olfactory receptors are: a) Sensitive to physical stimuli b) Rapidly replaced c) Slowly adapting d) Bipolar neurons

Insulin dependent glucose uptake into skeletal muscle and adipose tissue is mainly mediated by: a) GLUT 1 b) GLUT 2 c) GLUT 3 d) GLUT 4

Olfactory receptor cells belong to which group of cells? a) Bipolar neurons b) Fibroblasts c) Modified epithelial cells d) Pseudo unipolar neurons

Sino atrial node (SAN) is called cardiac pacemaker because: a) It allows almost immediate transmission of cardiac impulse throughout the entire ventricular system b) It is capable of generation of impulse and conduction of the heart beat c) It determines the rate at which the heart beats d) The speed of conduction of impulse is fastest in SAN

Phototherapy given for treating jaundice: a) Converts lumirubin to bilirubin b) Acts by photoisomerization of bilirubin to soluble forms c) Helpful only in obstructive jaundice d) Any type of the light can be used

The function of axonemal dynein is? a) Moves particles to the 'minus' end of microtubule. b) Binds to actin and produce motion by bending their neck region. c) Responsible for the beating of flagella and cilia. d) Moves particles towards 'plus' end of microtubule.

A patient complaining of muscle weakness was given neostigmine injection, which improves his muscle strength. The Neostigmine acts by a) Blocking the action of acetylcholine b) Interfering with action of amine oxidase c) Interfering with the action of acetylcholine esterase d) Interfering with the action of carbonic anhydrase

Menstruation is caused by a) Surge of LH Prior to midcycle b) Failure of corpus luteum to involute c) Sudden reduction in oestrogen and progesterone at the end of the ovarian cycle d) Excessive secretion of oestrogen and progesterone at the end of the ovarian cycle

Which of the following concerning average lung volumes and capacities of a person at rest is TRUE ? a) TLC > VC>TV>FRC b) TLC >FRC>VC>TV c) TLC >VC>FRC>TV d) TLC >FRC>TV>VC

Which one of the following molecules is used for cell signalling? a) CO2 b) O2 c) No d) N2

Cholesterol content of a cell membrane influences which of the following characteristics of biological membrane a) Ion permeability b) Fluidity c) Glycosylation d) Hydrophobicity

During the week following ovulation, the endometrium increases in thickness to 5 to 6 millimetres. What stimulates this increase in thickness? a) Luteinizing hormone b) Oestrogen from the corpus luteum c) Progesterone from the corpus luteum d) Follicle-stimulating hormone

In excitable cells, repolarization phase is caused due to a) Na+ efflux b) Na+ influx c) K+ efflux d) K+ influx

A fifty two year old male reports of extreme tiredness, difficulty in concentration, feeling of fainting on sudden standing and decrease in appetite. The patient is pure vegetarian and has a habit of consuming alcohol. Examination of his oral cavity revealed signs of red buffy tongue, bleeding gums and cracks at the angle of the mouth. Peripheral smear showed macrocytic normochromic anaemia. a) Identify the condition. b) Describe in detail about Erythropoiesis. c) Discuss factors influencing erythropoiesis. d) Treatment of above condition.

A woman aged 40 years comes to the physician with complaints of breathlessness, easy fatigue and headache. On examination, she had pale skin and conjunctiva. Her blood report shows Hb – 8 gm/dl, Haematocrit value – 30% a) Identify the condition and elaborate the classification of anaemia. b) How is Iron absorbed by the body and what factors can affect this process c) Enumerate the causes of Nutritional anaemia d) What is the suggested treatment e) Enumerate blood indices and their normal values.

An elderly male came to hospital with history of chest pain and breathing difficulty on and off for 2 days. His ECG showed ST segment depression and echocardiography showed that his stroke volume in <50%. a) Identify the condition. b) Define stroke volume, cardiac output and cardiac index with their normal value. c) Describe the factors regulating cardiac output. d) Define Fick’s principle. Mention the methods to measure cardiac output.

A 48-years old female visits doctor with complaints of weakness, weight gain and feeling of excessive cold. On investigations, her TSH was high and T3, T4 were low. a) Identify the condition. b) Describe in detail the biosynthesis of thyroid hormone. Enumerate the functions of the thyroid hormone in different organ systems. c) List the conditions caused due to the alterations in serum thyroid hormone levels.

An young male met with accident. He is brought to the hospital. On examination he is conscious and coherent. He is unable to move his right upper limb and lower limb. Pain touch sensations were not elicited. The doctor give a provisional diagnosis of spinal injury. a) Describe Spinal injury and add a note on types of spinal injury. b) Describe ascending and descending tracts and enumerate the sensations they carry. c) Discuss in detail about Brown Sequard Syndrome.

A forty year old male complained of frequent pain in abdomen which commenced shortly after meals and no relief even on taking antacids at several occasions. He was a regular betel nut chewer and chronic alcoholic. He was under treatment for arthritis with non steroidal anti – inflammatory analgesic tablets. a) Identify the condition, he is suffering with. b) Write on mechanism of secretion of HCl in stomach. c) Describe the Phases of gastric juice secretion. d) Explain in brief about Pavlov’s pouch.

An obese elderly lady comes with a complaint of chest pain which appears to spread down her left arm when she climbs the stairs, it visually disappears when she takes rest for a few minutes. a) Explain why there is chest pain when she climbs the stairs. b) Describe the characteristic features of the coronary circulation c) How is blood flow to cardiac muscle regulated d) Describe the innervation of the Heart e) What ECG changes would you expect to occur during an anginal episode

A young male went for trekking 2500m above sea level. On arrival to his stay, he complained of breathlessness. His Spo2 was 70% in room air. a) Identify the condition. b) Describe the classification and patho physiology of Hypoxia c) Enumerate the treatment for the types of Hypoxia d) Discuss on Hyperbaric O2 therapy.

A male aged 50 years came with progressive loss of vision. On examination, he had loss of vision of temporal quadrants of both eyes. a) Identify the condition and where is the most probable site of lesion. b) Trace the visual pathway. c) Describe the effects of lesion at various levels in its course.

A 55 years old male comes to a physician with complaints of fatigue, increase in frequency of voiding urine, taking excess food frequently since last 6 months. On examination of blood sample. FBS- 140 mg/dl, PPBS- 285 mg/dl, HbA1c levels – 8% a) Identify the condition in the discussed case. b) Write in detail about the structure and bio synthesis of the hormone involved. c) Add a note on mechanism of action of hormone and enumerate the actions of hormone. d) Add a note on the Characteristic features of NIDDM.

Write the Electrical and mechanical events occurring in the Heart during ventricular systole.

Explain how cell communicate with another cell by giving suitable examples.

Describe the mechanism of HCL secretion in stomach

Describe the steps involved in the transmission of impulses across the neuromuscular junction. Discuss the role of neuromuscular blocking agents.

Describe the different properties of action potential.

Discuss the regulation of Body temperature.

Discuss the factors affecting coronary circulation.

Functions of Liver and Add a note on different types of Jaundice.

Name the different body fluid compartments. Give the composition of extracellular and intracellular fluids. Mention the methods to measure ECF.

Mention the stages of Spermatogenesis and describe the role of hormones and factors influencing Spermatogenesis.

Mechanoreceptors

Write the properties of Synapses. Add a note on Indirect Inhibition.

Micturition reflex

Counter current mechanism in regulation of urine concentration.

Describe Defecation reflex.

Describe three functional divisions of the cerebellum. Assign functions to each.

List the types of Aphasia.

Dynamic lung volumes and capacities.

Describe types of Hypoxia. Role of oxygen therapy in Hypoxia.

Classify leukocytes. Describe the stages of leucopoiesis.

Describe the tests for ovulation.

State the difference between various types of memories.

List the Placental Hormones and briefly explain their functions.

Artificial Kidney

Pathophysiology of peptic ulcer.

Define haemostasis. Describe the extrinsic mechanism of coagulation.

Discuss the role of skin in temperature regulation.

Describe the process involved in pain modulation.

Discuss Refractory errors in detail.

Baroreceptor Reflex.

Discuss the roles of a physician.

Enumerate the measures that strengthen the doctor patient relationship.

Describe the causes and manifestations of Cushing’s Syndrome.

Describe the role of hormones in sex determination and sex differentiation.

Describe the functions of Testosterone.

Discuss the rights of a patient.

Glomerular Filtration Rate.

Briefly explain water reabsorption by Kidney.

Describe the mechanisms involved in pain modulation.

Indicators of Ovulation.

Mechanism of smooth muscle contraction.

Define Cyanosis and write the causes

Extra cellular fluid volume measurement.

Draw a neat labelled diagram of nerve action potential mentioning reasons for each phase.

Renshaw cell inhibition.

Describe light reflex.

Demonstrate the roles of an Indian medical graduate and relate it to the societal impact.

Exocytosis

Heart sounds.

List functions of plasma proteins

Receptor potential.

Combined contraceptive pills.

Landsteiner’s Laws.

Compliance of Lung.

Draw a neat labelled diagram of Juxtaglomerular apparatus.

Describe the rights and responsibilities of patients.

Draw Olfactory pathway.

Physiology of aging

Wind kessel vessels and resistance vessels

Physiological basis of pulmonary oedema.

Define uniport, symport and antiport with examples.

List the contraceptive methods in females. Briefly explain the mechanism of action of intrauterine contraceptive devices.

Barriers of effective communication.

Nerve growth factors

Bohr effect.

Hormones of Kidney.

Define urea clearance. How is it calculated. Name any other 2 substances used to measure renal clearance.

Describe Sarco- tubular system in skeletal muscle.

Weber- Fechner Law.

Discuss about Audiometry.

Substances used to estimate ECF and Blood volume.

What is apoptosis. What is its physiological significance.

Write the significance of Dietary fibres.

Cochlear microphonic potentials.

Define Electroencephalogram (EEG) what are the waves seen during REM sleep.

Describe about Addison’s disease. List the manifestations of it.

A 35-year-old man comes to his physician because of changes in his appearance. His hands and feet have been growing and his brow and chin are also becoming larger. On examination the patient did not see the fingers of the examiner when they were moved in either superior temporal visual field. Detailed visual filed examination by an ophthalmologist revealed a visual field defect in both temporal fields but the defect was more complete in superior rather than in inferior quadrants. The patient was referred to a neurosurgeon for treatment. Based on this information answer the following questions. a) Name the hormone which is being secreted in excess. b) Explain the mechanism of action of hormone involved. c) Enumerate the metabolic function of this hormone. d) Explain the underlying mechanism of changes in the patient’s appearance. e) What could be the cause for visual defect.

A 32-year-old women presents to her primary care physician’s office with difficulty in chewing food, she states that when she eats certain foods that require a significance amount of chewing, her jaw muscle becomes weak and tired. After a period of rest, her jaw muscle regains its strength until she eats again. a. What is your diagnosis. b. Explain the events of transmission at NMJ. c. Treatment of the condition. d. List out neuro muscular blockers