Kerala University of Health Sciences Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of SurgeryPhysiology Previous Year Question Papers

Diabetes insipidus.

Explain the physiological basis of Babinski sign in UMN (Upper Motor Neuron) lesions

Explain the physiological basis of Myasthenia gravis

Explain the physiological basis of Dark adaptation

ECF volume is determined by ........................ ion.

The wheal in the triple response is due to ………………………

The receptor for dim light vision is ----------

Permanent method of sterilization in males is ------------

In caissons disease pain in the joints is due to ………………

A forty-two-year-old male complains of severe headaches in the morning, with a blurring of vision for a week. For two days, he complains of severe fatigue and this morning had an episode of a nose bleed with increasing severity of the headache. He reported to the emergency room and was examined by the doctors. There was no previous history of similar illness. On Examination, his blood pressure was 160/110mmHg and when repeated after 15 minutes was 158/110 mmHg. a) What is the patient suffering from. b) Define the term blood pressure. What are the normal values for systolic and diastolic blood pressure. c) Explain the long-term regulation of blood pressure. d) What are the non-pharmacologic methods to reduce blood pressure.

A 60 years old known hypertensive male is admitted with the complaints of sudden inability to use his right upper and lower limbs and inability to speak. On examination he has increased tone in some of the limb muscles loss of superficial reflexes and deep tendon reflexes are exaggerated. Answer the following questions based on your knowledge in physiology: • What is this clinical condition. • Draw the diagram of the tract involved • Why there is an increase in the tone of the muscle. • Why speech is lost in this condition

A forty-five-year-old female complains of fatigue and generalized weakness. She has observed the appearance of small, red dots on her skin and gums two days back. When she was injured during her domestic work, wound bled for a prolonged period. On examination and investigations, her platelet count was 30,000/cu mm and her clotting time was prolonged. She has no previous history of taking any medications, nor did she suffer from any viral infection recently. • What is she suffering from • What is the normal platelet count and where they are produced • Explain the role of Platelets in clotting mechanism • What are the causes of platelet deficiency

A 25-year-old man was brought to the emergency department severely bleeding, following a road traffic accident. Clinical examination revealed cold and clammy extremities, tachycardia with thready pulse. a) Classify shock with examples b) Discuss in detail compensatory mechanisms seen in circulatory shock c) Physiological basis for any one clinical feature in this patient

A 20 year old boy climbing a mountain suffered from shortness of breath after reaching about 3200m from sea level. Answer the following • Define hypoxia • Probable cause of hypoxia in this case • Characteristic features of different types of hypoxia • Treatment of hypoxia • Different types of cyanosis and their causes

A 52-year-old housewife complains of progressive weight gain of 10 kg in 1 year, fatigue, loss of memory, slow speech, deepening of her voice, dry skin, constipation, and cold intolerance. On examination her pulse was 58 beats/min, she was moderately obese with a puffy face, non-pitting edema on the lower limbs, the Thyroid gland appeared enlarged, and deep tendon reflexes were delayed. a) What is the patient suffering from b) What blood investigations should be done to confirm the diagnosis c) Describe the biosynthesis and functions of the hormone causing this disorde

A 35- year old female had come to a medical outpatient department with complaints of weakness, giddiness and loss of appetite. On examination she was pale. On investigation RBC count :3.5 millions/mm3, Hb:9gm%. Peripheral smear showed microcytes with hypochromia • Identify the condition • Discuss the physiological basis for the above condition and its management • Discuss the stages of erythropoiesis • Describe the various factors which regulate erythropoiesis

A 55-year old man is brought to the casuality after a road traffic accident. He was disoriented and irritable. On examination his blood pressure was 90/40 mmHg, respiratory rate was 24/minute and pulse rate was 150 /minute. His ECG did not show any abnormality. • What is your diagnosis • Discuss the physiological basis for various clinical features seen and management of this condition • Describe baroreceptor reflex.

A 55-year-old man who is a chronic smoker was brought to the medical emergency with complaints of breathlessness, wheeze and cough with sputum for the past one week. He gets similar illness during the cold season for the past five years. On examination he has mild cyanosis, wheeze and crepitations. His chest is barrel shaped, RBC count is increased, forced vital capacity (FVC) is decreased and FEV1 is 60%. a) Name the most probable clinical condition b) Draw and label a spirogram showing the lung volumes and capacities. c) Describe the physiological basis for the changes in RBC count and FVC. d) Describe timed vital capacity and its clinical significance

A 70 year old man was brought with tremors of both hands. On examination he had tremors at rest, face was expression less and gait was short and shuffling. His muscle tone was increased a) Name the most probable clinical condition in this patient b) Describe the physiological basis for any three of his clinical features c) Depict the steps of neruo-muscular transmission using a flow chart

A 55 year old women comes to the medicine department with history of increased frequency of nocturnal urination with increased thirst and hunger, investigation revealed her HbA1c to be 8 and fasting blood sugar was 280mg/dl a) What is your probable diagnosis b) Discuss the physiological basis of her complaints c) List all the hormones responsible for glucose homeostasis

A 28-year-old female patient, Mrs. Radha, visits her Physician with complaints of extreme tiredness over the past six months. She has become breathless on exertion in the past few days. Her feet have become numb, and she has started to become unsteady. On examination, her conjunctiva is pale, and her pulse rate is 114 beats/ minute. She has sensory loss in a glove and stocking distribution with a severe loss of joint position sense. Answer the following questions based on this scenario

A 40 year old female complains of feeling very weak. Her arms and legs were thin but abdomen, back and face were full with deposition of fat. There were 'reddish purple striae' in the skin of her abdomen. She also noticed that minor injuries were taking a long time to heal. . What is the endocrine abnormality in this subject . What are the causes for the above clinical features in this subject . Explain the functions and the regulation of the hormone involved in the above condition.

A male child 3 years old was brought to a doctor with a complaint of bleeding from the nose, mouth, urinary tract, alimentary tract and skin after trivial injury. Sometimes swelling of the joints with pain and fever was also noticed. The bleeding was not profuse, but it was persistent. A careful history revealed similar bleeding tendency in male relatives. Investigations revealed that the coagulation time was prolonged. The bleeding time, prothrombin time and platelet count was normal. a) What is the most likely diagnosis b) Describe the physiological basis of the two pathways involved in the coagulation mechanism. c) Why females are not usually affected by this bleeding disorder d) What is the physiological basis for treatment of this disorder

A 28-year-old woman, a vegetarian, presented with progressive fatigue, numbness and tingling in her lower limbs, pallor, shortness of breath on exertion, and unintentional weight loss over the past two months. She also reported difficulty in concentrating and mild depression. On clinical examination, she appeared pale with a mild glossitis. Her blood investigations revealed: RBC count: 2.8 million cells/cu.mm, Hemoglobin: 6.0 g/dL, MCV: 120 fL, Peripheral smear: hypersegmented neutrophils and pancytopenia. After starting parenteral cobalamin therapy, she experienced marked improvement in energy levels, appetite, and mental clarity, with gradual weight gain. a) What is she suffering from. b) Explain erythropoiesis and which step of erythropoiesis gets affected in her. c) Explain the physiological basis behind this blood picture. d) List the factors regulating erythropoiesis.

An individual was brought to a hospital from the site of an accident. He showed following signs and symptoms: Restlessness, extreme weakness, pale, cold, clammy skin, rapid, thready pulse hypotension, oliguria • What is your diagnosis • Define it and classify it. Explain it with examples • How do you explain the signs and symptoms • What are compensatory regulatory mechanisms which will operate in the body to bring back all the signs and symptoms to normal • What immediate treatment do you suggest

A 40 year old man was admitted to hospital with complaints of diarrhoea and vomiting since last 2 days. On examination, heart rate of 125bpm, bp 90/60 and tachypnoea were recorded. a) What is this condition b) Explain the physiological basis of tachycardia, tachypnoea and hypotension. c) What is the cause for weak thready pulse and cold clammy skin in this condition.

A 45 year old female presents to the outpatient department with Complaints of increase in body weight by more than 10kgs, dry coarse skin, hoarseness of voice, increase in sleep duration and loss of appetite. a) What is this condition b) Describe the functions of thyroid hormone c) Physiological basis for cretinism

A 45-year-old man was brought to the emergency department with pain in the chest and left upper arm for the past 30 minutes. His ECG showed ST segment elevation and the cardiac enzymes were elevated. a) Name the most probable clinical condition. b) Describe the physiological basis for the changes in the ECG and cardiac enzymes c) List the uses of ECG d) Describe the special features of coronary circulation

A 55 Year old man complaints of slowness in initiating movements and difficulty in movements. On examination he has tremors at rest, rigidity and he walks with short shuffling steps. a) What is the most probable condition b) Where is the site of lesion in this patient c) Describe the patho-physiology d) Describe the connections and functions of basal ganglia

A 69-year-old man went to consult his physician. He had tremors in his hands and fingers. His face was unexpressive. When he was invited to enter the physician’s office, he had difficulty in standing up. He walked slowly into the office. There was no sensory loss. The stretch reflexes were normal and the muscles exhibited rigidity. • Identify this condition • Discuss the physiological basis of this condition • Describe the connections of basal ganglia • Discuss the functions of basal ganglia

A 61 year old Senior Lawyer (male) in a law firm, while eating breakfast experienced sudden onset slurring of speech, and had facial droop on his left-hand side with weakness in his left side upper and lower limbs. His wife spotted these sudden onsets of symptoms and immediately called for an ambulance, which arrived within 15 mins and rushed him to the Emergency room of a hospital. a) What is the patient suffering from b) What examination and investigations should be done to confirm the diagnosis c) Describe the functions and connections of the pathway affected with a neat, labeled diagram

A 40- year old female patient reported that she was feeling very weak. Her arms and legs were thin but abdomen, upper back and face were full with deposition of fat. She had also noticed that minor injuries were resulting in bruises and taking a long time to heal. Reddish purple striations were seen in the skin of her abdomen. Her blood pressure was180/100 mmHg, pulse rate was 99/min. a) Identify the condition. b) Discuss the physiological basis for the above condition c) Discuss the physiological and pharmacological actions of glucocorticoids

A 45-year-old casual labourer comes to the OPD with complaints of excessive thirst, urination, hunger and weakness, of two weeks’ duration with your knowledge of physiology, answer the following. • What is the most likely condition. • What tests would you suggest to confirm. • How can you explain his symptoms. • What are the dietary and lifestyle modifications you would suggest for this man.

A young female exhibits abnormal fatigability of muscles. Muscular movements, though initially strong, rapidly tire as the day advances or after a vigorous exercise. The symptoms to appear are ptosis, weakness of chewing, swallowing and speaking. She was unable to undertake work above the level of the shoulder. The symptoms showed a remitting course and often were precipitated by emotions, infections and pregnancy. Remarkable recovery was seen after injection of neostigmine intramuscularly. • What is your diagnosis • Name the structure involved in this disease. • Describe the structure involved and the normal physiological mechanism of it. • What is the main cause for this condition • Name any other condition that can affect this structure • How does injection of neostigmine improve the condition. Describe other drugs which can act at this site.

A 30 years old woman comes to the hospital with complaints of fatigue for many months. On physical examination she has pale conjunctiva and spooning of nails. Her hemoglobin is 8gm% PCV is 20% and MCV is 80 fL. Stools are negative for occult blood. • Name the clinical condition. • Describe the blood picture. • What other investigations would you like to do in this condition. • What are the dietary options for her betterment.

A patient complaints of difficulty in walking, talking and not able to perform rapid alternate movements. Answer the following questions based on your knowledge in physiology: ● Which part of brain is affected ● Enumerate the other manifestations of this lesion ● Describe the functional connections and functions of the part affected

A 35-year-old man was brought to the casualty after a stab injury to the left side of his back. Imaging study showed injury to left half of spinal cord in region of 9th and 10th thoracic vertebrae. Neurological examination showed that he was unable to move his left lower limb. Some sensations were absent on the left half of the body while some other sensations were absent on the right side. On the left side the abdominal reflex was absent, but knee and ankle jerks were brisk. a) Name the most probable clinical condition in this patient. b) Explain the physiological basis for the typical sensory loss in this patient. c) Describe the sensory and motor changes occurring at the level and below the level of injury in such cases. d) Describe the theories of referred pain using an example

An 18 years old boy meets with a road traffic accident, gets injured and loses 20% of blood volume. Answer the following • Define shock • Describe the Baroreceptor Mechanism of blood pressure regulation • Classification and major causes of various types of shock

A 55-year-old businessman was brought to medicine casuality with severe chest pain. He was sweating and his BP was 140/94 mm Hg, heat sounds were muffled and the ECG showed ST elevation in lead II and avf. • What is the most probable diagnosis. • Discuss the pathophysiology of this condition and principles of management. • What are the special features of coronary circulation

A 50-year-old chronic smoker complains of severe chest pain, crushing in nature, radiating to left shoulder and inside of the left arm. The chest discomfort brought on by the exertion was relieved by rest. After 2 hours he visits a hospital. Emergency room examination showed ST segment elevation, tachycardia and hypertension • What is he probably suffering from • What is the cause for this pain • What is the underlying mechanism for the above complaints • Explain the salient features of coronary circulation

A 55 year old man, known hypertensive comes to emergency department with altered consciousness and weakness of right side of the body. On examination there is increased muscle tone in the right upper and lower limbs, exaggerated deep tendon reflexes and absent superficial reflexes. • What is he suffering from • What are the differences between UMN and LMN lesions • What is Babinski’s sign • What are the physiological and pathological causes of Babinski’s sign

A 71 years old retired teacher presented with complaints of difficulty to start walking and tremor of hands. His wife often found his face “expressionless”. Answer the following questions based on your knowledge in physiology: • Name the commonest clinical condition causing the above complaints • Diagrammatically represent the structure involved and its functional connections • Enumerate its functions • Briefly mention the physiological basis of treatment of this disease

A 12 years old girl child complains of lethargy and fatigability for the last three months. Physical examination revealed pallor. Routine blood investigation showed Hb -8 gm% and peripheral smear revealed microcytic hypochromic RBCs. Answer the following: • Identify the clinical condition and what is the cause • Define anemia. • Classify anemia based on etiology. • Enumerate stages of erythropoiesis and discuss the factors regulating them

A 20-year-old boy who lost about 2 litres of blood following a road traffic accident, when transfused with blood developed, irritability, itching at the infusion site and all over the body, pain in the back and difficulty in breathing a) What can be the cause for the symptoms b) Define Landsteiner’s law c) What is the physiological basis of blood grouping systems d) What are the precautions to be taken before blood transfusion e) What is autologous blood transfusion

A 55-year-old man came to the medicine department with complaints of headache. On examination he had coarse facial features, enlarged hands and feet and hepatosplenomegaly. His blood sugar was elevated a) Name the most probable clinical condition b) Physiological basis for his enlarged hands and for the elevated blood sugar c) What type of visual field defect can occur in this patient. Give its physiological basis d) Add a note on somatomedins

A patient with parathyroid hormone deficiency 10 days after inadvertent damage to parathyroid glands during thyroid surgery. Answer the following questions based on your knowledge in physiology: • Explain the mechanisms underlying two clinical signs of parathyroid hormone deficiency • Describe the physiological actions of parathyroid hormone • Mention the normal blood calcium level and add a note on significance of intracellular calcium

A 65-year-old male, known to have long-standing diabetes and hypertension, presents to the hospital with the sudden onset of paralysis affecting the right side of his body. There was no history of trauma. On examination, he is alert but unable to move his right arm and leg voluntarily. a) Describe the origin, course, and termination of the pyramidal tract with a neat, labelled diagram b) Physiological basis for hypertonia and Babinski sign in this patient

A two-year-old baby girl was admitted presenting with pallor, recurrent fever episodes, weakness and fatigue since 4 months. On examination, the spleen was found to be enlarged. The peripheral blood picture revealed normocytic normochromic RBCs, however, the WBCs showed a significant number of blast cells. Blood tests also revealed that platelets were reduced and there was thrombocytopenia. a) What is the patient suffering from b) What is the significance of seeing blast cells in a peripheral blood smear c) Explain the steps of leucopoiesis d) Why does thrombocytopenia occur in this condition

58-year-old female complains of progressive weight gain of 5 kg in one year, fatigue, slight memory loss, slow speech, dry skin, constipation and cold intolerance. On examination body temperature 96.80 F, pulse is 58/min, BP 140/100mmH g. She is moderately obese and has puffy face with dry thick skin. The thyroid gland is slightly enlarged.

A 69-year-old man goes to consult his physician. As he sits in the waiting room, he is observed to have tremors in his hands and fingers. His face is unexpressive and he makes few movements. When he is invited to enter the physician’s office, he has difficulty in standing up. He walks slowly into the office, and his arms do not swing appreciably. When he talks to the physician, his speech is monotonous but he shows no intellectual deficit. There was no sensory loss. The stretch reflexes were normal and the muscles exhibited rigidity. a) What is your diagnosis b) Which part of the nervous system is involved in this disease c) Explain the connections and functions of the part of the nervous system involved. d) Why are the movements so few and slow e) What is the treatment

A 43-year-old woman complaining of double vision especially for the last 3 months. She has noticed difficulty holding her head up especially in the evenings. Her family noticed that her voice has become quieter. She has lost about 3kg in weight in the past 6 months. The woman has had no significant previous medical illnesses. • What is the diagnosis. • What is your plan for investigation and management of this patient. • Draw and label neuromuscular junction and describe the neuromuscular transmission.

What is erythroblastosis foetalis. How can this be prevented.

Actions of growth hormone

How cardiac output is regulated

Depict the synthesis of gastric (HCl) acid using suitable diagram. Add a note on its regulation

Describe the mechanisms of blood coagulation

Describe the different refractive errors in vision and methods of correcting them.

Discuss the characteristic features of coronary circulation. Explain the various factors regulating coronary blood flow

Name the location of the respiratory centres. Explain their role in the regulation of respiration. Describe the mechanisms of periodic breathing.

Define cardiac cycle. Enumerate the phases of cardiac cycle. With the help of a neat labelled diagram, describe the pressure and volume changes in the ventricles. Write the physiological basis and functional significance of AV nodal delay

Discuss in detail the physiological functions of aldosterone. Add a note on aldosterone escape.

Describe the functions of cerebellum

Two statements marked as - Assertion (A) and Reason(R). Mark your answer as per options provided

Properties of Synapse

Name the respiratory centres. Describe the neural regulation of respiration. Add a note on periodic breathing.

Describe the stages of deglutition

Describe the role of counter current multiplier and exchanger system in the concentration of urine. Add a note on renal failure and artificial kidney.

Describe the intrinsic pathway of coagulation.

Describe the steps in transmission of impulses across a chemical synapse.

Depict the coagulation pathways using suitable flow charts. Briefly describe the fibrinolytic system. Write the physiological basis for why blood does not clot in the circulation normally

Describe the actions of thyroid hormone

List the hormones of the anterior pituitary gland. Describe the actions and control of growth hormone. Explain the consequences of its hyper and hypo secretion

Enumerate the events that occur at the neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle when excited.

Explain the connections and functions of cerebellum. Add a note on clinical symptoms seen in cerebellar lesions.

Describe brown seqrard syndrome. With the help of a diagram explain the nervous system involvement in this disease.

Describe the origin, course and termination and functions of cortico-spinal tract. Add a note on hemiplegia. List the differences between upper motor neuron and lower motor neuron lesion. (7+3+5) Short essays

Describe the regulation of blood pressure

Negative feedback mechanisms of hormonal control.

Describe the regulation of serum calcium with the mechanisms involved. Write the physiological basis for tetany in hypocalcemia. List the causes and clinical features of hypercalcemia.

Describe the different stages and factors influencing and regulating erythropoiesis

List the cells and secretion from the Oxyntic gland of the stomach. With the help of a diagram explain the mechanism of gastric acid secretion. Explain the phases of gastric acid secretion

Explain the factors regulating erythropoiesis

Explain the steps of neuromuscular transmission

Discuss factors regulating cardiac output.

Write briefly about intermediate and long term regulation of blood pressure

Define synapse. Depict the mechanism of synaptic transmission using a flow chart. Describe the post - synaptic inhibition. Add a note on synaptic plasticity

Describe any five functions of oestrogen

Describe the functions of glucocorticoids

Enumerate and explain the properties of cardiac muscle.

Describe the synthesis of thyroid hormones. Explain their physiological actions and add a note on hypo secretion of thyroid hormones.

Important findings on examination include decrease in power in all muscle groups. Tone, coordination, reflexes and sensation are normal. Bilateral ptosis is present and is exacerbated by prolonged upward gaze. Pupillary reflexes, eye movements and fundoscopy are normal. Speech becomes soft when the patient is tired. Symptoms are usually worse in the evenings and better in the mornings. • What are the connnections and functions of Basal ganglie. Add a note on Parkinsonism.

Explain the role of surfactant in respiration and maintaining the stability of the alveoli.

Endometrial changes during menstrual cycle

Explain the neural regulation of respiration

What is cardiac index. Elaborate various factors affecting cardiac output.

Define cardiac output, cardiac index. Regulation of cardiac output

Explain the functions of the hypothalamus.

Describe the factors regulating heart rate

Describe the role of T- lymphocytes in immune mechanisms.

Describe the mechanism of water reabsorption from the renal tubules. Add a note on anuria

Trace the pain pathway from the right(R) lower limb. Add a note on gate control theroy

Describe the visual pathway using a labelled diagram

Explain the mechanism of hearing

Regulation of cardiac output.

Explain the conducting system of the heart

Describe the phases of gastric secretion. How is it regulated.

Explain the factors regulating gastric emptying.

Describe temporary and permanent methods of contraception in females.

Describe the various methods of carbondioxide (CO2) transport in blood. Add a note on chloride shift.

Describe the steps in spermatogenesis

Describe the effects of complete transverse section of spinal cord.

Name the hormones which affect serum calcium level. Describe their mode of action

Describe otolith organs and their functions

Inter-cellular communication.

Explain chemical regulation of respiration.

Resting membrane potential in a neuron and its ionic basis.

Describe the physiological actions of glucocorticoids. List the features of Cushing’s syndrome.

Describe chemical control of respiration

Describe the structure and functions of platelets

Phases of gastric juice secretion

Actions of hormones of posterior pituitary

Actions of parathormone.

Explain pressure changes during normal respiratory cycle.

O₂ transport in blood

Describe the ovarian changes in menstrual cycle and the hormones regulating it

Describe colour blindness

Where are the chemoreceptors situated. How do they regulate respiration.

Describe the hormonal regulation of menstrual cycle. Add a note on menopause.

Draw a diagram to show the origin, course and termination of Cortico spinal tract

Explain the role of ‘Vasa Recta’ in renal function.

Functions of glucagon

Micturition reflex

Cell mediated immunity

Transport of CO₂ in blood

What are positive and negative feedback mechanisms. Give examples of each.

Discuss the compensatory changes at high altitude.

Describe the dangers associated with blood transfusion. Explain what precautions could be taken to prevent them.

Describe the phases of deglutition. Add a note on Achalasia cardia

Describe electroencephalogram (EEG) and its uses

Steps of spermatogenesis

Hormonal contraceptives

With the aid of a diagram, explain the mechanism of Micturition.

Isovolumetric relaxation phase

Describe the stages of erythropoiesis with the help of diagrams. Describe the factors regulating it. Add a note on polycythemia.

What is Hering Breur reflex and what is its importance.

Describe the phases and regulation of gastric juice secretion.

Myopia and astigmatism and their correction

Describe the physiological actions and control of testosterone secretion

What is secondary active transport. Explain the types with examples.

Describe endometrial changes that occur during a normal menstrual cycle. Name the hormone responsible for each phase.

Explain chronaxie, rheobase and strength duration curve

Describe the functions of aldosterone. Explain aldosterone escape. Add a note on Conn’s syndrome.

Composition of saliva, describe the functions of saliva.

Decerebrate rigidity.

Describe the functions of cerebellum. List the clinical features of cerebellar dysfunction

Hazards of mismatched blood transfusion

Discuss the cause and clinical features and treatment of dysbarism

Dysbarism

Mechanism of action of steroid hormone

Heart sounds

Composition and functions of saliva

Describe the functions of Thyroid hormone. Write the physiological basis for cretinism

Insulin – like growth factors

Juxtaglomerular apparatus.

Describe the molecular basis of skeletal muscle contraction. Add a note on rigor mortis.

List the different types of inhibition. Explain Renshaw cell inhibition

Regulation of gastric secretion.

Oral contraceptive pills

Stages of deglutition

Acute mountain sickness

Factor affecting glomecular filtration rate

Write a note on cerebrospinal fluid.

Describe the mechanisms of oxygen diffusion across lung.

Functions of Neutrophil

Describe the steps of erythropoiesis using neat, labelled diagrams. List the factors regulating it.

Cushing’s syndrome

Discuss the differences between red and white muscle fibres

A 25 year old male nurse reported to the medicine department complaining of chronic cough with sputum and fever with night sweats for the past 6 months, which is not relieved with routine antibiotic therapy. His lab report showed: Total WBC-13000/cumm3, N- 32%, L-55%, M-8%, E-4%, B-1%, ESR-50. Chest x-rays showed cavities a) Name the most probable clinical condition b) Comment on the ESR of this patient and describe the physiological basis for that c) Describe cell mediated immunity d) List the functions of lymph

Ionic basis of Action potential

Describe the composition & regulation of exocrine pancreatic secretion.

Counter-current multiplier

Define immunity and classify it. Explain the mechanism of cell-mediated immunity. Add a note on natural killer cells.

Define Forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in first second.

Presbyopia and its correction.

With a neat labelled diagram describe the micturition reflex. Add a note on autoregulation of renal blood flow.

List the placental hormones. Add a note on any one of them

Explain the functions of middle ear

Write briefly on Parkinsonism.

Draw the accommodation reflex pathway. Describe the changes occurring in accommodation.

Diagram of neuro-muscular junction. Add a note on neuromuscular blocking drugs.

Describe the visual pathway with a help of a neat labelled diagram and explain the effects of its lesion. Add a note on direct and indirect light reflex.

Explain T lymphocyte

Draw and label the visual pathway showing the effect of lesion at various levels. Add a note on presbyopia

Composition of pancreatic juice

Describe carbon dioxide transport in the blood

Counter current exchanger

Tests for ovulation

Dysdiadochokinesia (Adiadochokinesia)

Plasma proteins

Draw and label the pathway for fast pain from the right lower limb. Describe the supra- spinal modulation of pain

Impedence matching

Describe positive feed back with two examples

How is hypoxia classified. Explain any one in detail.

A 45-year-old female patient was presented with palpitations, loss of weight in spite of good appetite and intolerance to heat. On examination she had fine tremors, thyroid nodule and mild exophthalmos. Blood report showed decreased TSH and elevated T3, T4 levels a) Name the most probable clinical condition (1) b) Describe the actions of the affected hormone (5) c) Physiological basis for palpitation and exophthalmos in this patient

Describe the mechanism of appreciation of sound waves and explain the theories of hearing

Define chronaxie, rheobase and utilization time. Draw a strength duration curve.

Enumerate the mechanism of heat loss by the body.

Role of middle ear in hearing

Skin as thermostat

Mechanisms of body heat conservation

Describe the mechanism of micturition reflex.

Counter-current exchange system.

Enumerate the plasma proteins along with their site of production. Describe their functions.

Describe secondary active transport using an example

Mention the location of neural centers that regulate respiration. Describe the interaction between the various neural centers in regulation of respiration. Explain the effect of the transection at different levels in the brainstem.

Role of muscle proteins in muscle contraction

Classify white blood cells and explain their morphology and functions. Add a note on leukaemia.

Role of Immunoglobulins in Immunity

Describe the respiratory pressure changes with diagrams. Add a note on ventilation perfusion ratio.

Describe hypothermia and its clinical importance.

Ionic basis of skeletal musle action potential.

Briefly describe the thermoregulatory mechanisms in human body.

Define Chronaxie and rheobase and utilization time

Explain neuromuscular transmission in response to an adequate stimulus to the motor nerve.

What is presbyopia and how is it corrected.

Discuss the ionic basis for action potential of a nerve fiber.

Functions of placenta.

Describe the functions of testosterone in fetal and adult life. What is cryptorchidism.

Explain ventilation perfusion ratio.

Glomerular filtration rate.

Explain Starling’s law as applied to cardiac muscle

Active transport

Functions of hypothalamus

Tubulo-glomerular feedback.

Non-respiratory functions of lung

Depict the auditory transduction using a flow chart. Add a note on masking of sound

Babinski sign

Functions of the middle ear

Explain the role of skin in regulating body temperature.

Trace the pain pathway from (R) lower limb. Describe the analgesia system of the body

With the aid of a diagram describe the pain pathway from right lower limb.

Explain theories of pain and give two examples

Types of movements in the large intestine.

Role of baroreceptors in blood pressure regulation

Clinical significance of reticulocyte count

Iron deficiency anaemia

Functions of the placenta.

Describe the mechanisms of digestion and absorption of fat along the gastro-intestinal tract.

Name the types of intestinal movements and explain their functions.

Describe the short term regulation of blood pressure

Describe in detail the uterine changes occuring during menstrual cycle

Describe the functions of the middle ear

Describe the baroreceptor response to high blood pressure.

Parkinson’s disease

Describe the mechanism of secretion of HCl. Add note on management of peptic ulcer

Chemoreceptors in the regulation of respiration

Define cardiac cycle. Explain the mechanical and pressure events of it with help of a neat labelled diagram.

What is the fate of RBCs. How is bilirubin produced.

What are preload and after load in the skeletal muscle and give an example for preload condition in skeletal muscle.

Describe the cardio-respiratory adjustments in high altitude.

Describe the functions of primary active transport with an example

Explain the different types of intercellular connections.

What is testosterone. Describe two important actions of this hormone.

Explain the different transport mechanisms across a cell membrane.

Cerebrospinal fluid.

Describe the mechanism of action of insulin and its functions. Add a note on clinical signs and symptoms of diabetes mellitus. Explain glucose tolerance test curve.

Explain the factors that determine cardiac output. What is cardiac failure.

Calorigenic action of thyroxin

List the contraceptive methods in females. Describe the physiological basis for any two of them

Functions of platelets

Describe the functions of large intestine and add a note on cause and pathophysiology of Megacolon (Hirschsprung’s disease)

Renin-Angiotensin mechanism in blood pressure regulation

c-AMP as a second messenger

Neutrophil.

Tubuloglomerular feedbacks

List clinical features of cretinism

Fight-flight reaction

Enumerate the functions of the Liver.

Role of hypothalamus in feeding and satiety. Physiological basis for polyphagia in Diabetes Mellitus

Explain the stretch reflex with the aid of a diagram of the muscle spindle.

Draw a neat diagram of visual pathways and label its parts

Brief note on Heart sounds.

Neuro endocrine reflex

Movements of small intestine

Baroreceptor reflex

Hering –Breuer reflex

Enumerate the functions of androgens during puberty.

Explain the physiological basis of edema formation in hypoproteinemia

Explain the regulation of gastric juice secretion in different phases.

Physiological basis for negative Intrapleural pressure

Describe impedance matching and its importance

Describe the regulation of blood calcium level

Describe the mechanism of clotting in glass tubes during blood collection.

Spermatogenesis

Explain the composition and functions of lymph.

Composition and functions of bile

With the aid of a diagram, explain how capillary fluid exchange is modified in hypoproteinemia.

What is autoregulation of renal blood flow. What is its importance.

Define menarche and menopause.

Physiological basis for renal splay.

Blood brain barrier

Methods of contraception in the woman.

Mention all the hormones that promote growth of the human body and write briefly on each.

Explain the physiological basis of Parkinson’s disease.

Differentiate between turner’s syndrome and Klinefelter’s syndrome.

Draw and label the audiogram in conductive deafness. Super impose a normal audiogram on it.

What is surfactant. Write down the functions of surfactant.

Permissive action of hormone

Sodium-potassium pump is essential for homeostasis – why?

Origin and spread of cardiac impulse

Describe structure and functions of neutrophil

Factors regulating Glomerular filtration rate

Hormones regulating calcium homeostasis

Cretinism

Active transport. Draw and label (2x2½ =5)

Surfactant

Physiological basis of intra uterine devices (IUCD)

Capacitation of sperms

List the classification of Anemia based on the cause. Draw and label (2x2½ =5)

Draw and label the auditory pathway. Describe impedance matching

Compare and contrast the functions of epinephrine and nor-epinephrine. Add a note on pheochromocytoma

Name the glucocorticoids and mention its functions

Diagram showing the nerve supply of the urinary bladder and sphincters.

Draw the lateral view of the cerebral hemisphere and mark the speech areas

Draw and label Juxta glomerular apparatus (JGA)

Draw and label Pain pathway

Draw and label a normal ECG tracing in lead II.

Draw and label a normal cystometrogram.

Physiological basis for steatorrhoea in exocrine pancreatic deficiency.

Describe water reabsorption in the different parts of nephron. Explain the role of hormones in water reabsorption.

Draw the pacemaker potential and indicate the ionic basis.

Draw and label Lead II ECG

Draw a neat, labelled diagram of the cystometrogram of a healthy bladder.

Draw and label the fast pain pathway from its receptors in the right lower limb.

Describe how edema is prevented in a normal body.

Draw a taste pathway.

Draw and label The hormonal changes in different phases of the menstrual cycle.

Describe the physiological basis of cretinism.

With the aid of a diagram explain resting membrane potential.

Describe the mechanism of transduction of sweet and salt sensation. Add a note on ageusia.

Splay

Describe the length – tension relationship in skeletal muscles

Draw and label Mechanism of gastric HCL secretion

Define dead space. Describe the types

Draw and label Normal ECG wave

Draw and label Lateral Spinothalamic tract

Draw and label Action potential in nerve

Draw and label Respiratory membrane.

Draw and label HCI secretion by parietal gland

Two – point discrimination is better on the finger tips than on the back. Why

Draw and label Nerve action potential in relation to ionic fluxes

Draw and label Dorsal column tract

Draw and label Nephron and all its parts.

Draw, label and explain the sodium – potassium pump. What happens if it stops functioning.

How does REM sleep differ from Non REM sleep

Draw and label Steps of erythropoiesis.

Draw and label Olfactory mucous membrane

Draw and label Oxygen Dissociation Curve (ODC)

Draw and label Muscle spindle.

Draw and label a normal oxygen dissociation curve.

Explain the physiological basis of symptoms in decompression sickness.

What is Hypothermia. Write one clinical application for hypothermia.

Draw and label Thyroid hormone biosynthesis

Draw and label Gastric HCl (Hydrochloric acid) synthesis

Describe the regulation of the different phases of gastric secretion.

Describe the long-term regulation of blood pressure. Add a note on hypertension.

Mismatched blood transfusion.

Draw a neat, labelled diagram of pacemaker potential of human heart.

Draw and label the taste pathway. Explain the physiological basis of the following

Physiological basis for fat malabsorption in obstructive jaundice.

Draw and label the fine touch pathway from the left lower limb

Explain the ionic basis of resting membrane potential of a nerve fiber.

Draw and label Stretch reflex.

Draw a labeled diagram of visual pathway. Explain the physiological basis of macular sparing

Classify synapse. Write about the properties of synapses.

Describe the properties of skeletal muscle.

Oxygen dissociation curve

Inverse stretch reflex pathway

Physiological basis for the blood-brain barrier.

Functions of reticuloendothelial system

Draw and label Hormonal and uterine changes in Menstrual cycle

Draw and label Optic pathway

Draw and label Pacemaker potential.

Draw and label Jugular venous pressure tracing. Explain the physiological basis

Edema is not a feature of primary hyper aldosteronism. Why

Draw and label Pyramidal tract

Draw and label Hormonal and ovarian changes in the Menstrual cycle

Draw and label The different waves and intervals of an Electrocardiogram.

Describe the neuroendocrine reflex and physiological basis for onset of puberty

Name the contents and describe the functions of middle ear.

Describe features of acromegaly

Explain the physiological basis of Use of H2 receptor blockers in peptic ulcer.

Physiological basis of Presence of insulin is needed for glucose entry into the skeletal muscle

Tachycardia in hemorrhagic shock

Explain the physiological basis of Cardiac muscle is not fatigued

AV nodal delay

Menopause

Explain the physiological basis for glycosuria

With the aid of a schematic diagram, describe the intrinsic pathway of coagulation

Physiological basis for anemia in chronic renal failure.

Explain the physiological basis of Pain of Myocardial Infarction (MI) can be felt on the left upper arm

A two-day-old newborn child had severe pallor and jaundice on examination. The mother reveals a history of previous miscarriages, and her blood group was “O” negative. What is the most probable reason for this clinical condition. Write briefly on the skills needed to educate the family about this clinical condition.

Explain the physiological basis of Hemiplegia

Define and classify Jaundice.

Explain the physiological basis of Resting membrane potential in excitable cells

Draw a neat labelled diagram of the respiratory membrane, indicating the factors affecting diffusion across it.

Explain the physiological basis of Cardiac muscle cannot be tetanized.

Explain the physiological basis of Purple striae in cushings syndrome

ESR can be low in spherocytosis - why.

Explain the physiological basis of Truncal obesity in Cushing’s disease

Draw the diagram of stretch reflex arc

Oral Contraceptives

Define chronaxie and rheobase. Explain strength duration curve with the help of a diagram

Any two characteristic features and their physiological basis of Hypothyroidism in a 30-year-old woman

Classify hormones. Explain positive feedback.

Sterility in man working in hot surroundings

Explain the mechanism and importance of acoustic reflex in middle ear

Describe the role of bicarbonate buffer system in aid-base balance

Explain the physiological basis of Steatorrhoea

Myasthenia gravis

Anemia in hypogonadism of male

Explain the physiological basis of Steatorrhoea following pancreatectomy.

Pacemaker potential

Compare the Upper Motor Neuron (UMN) and Lower Motor Neuron (LMN) lesions

Explain the physiological basis of Anticholinesterase drugs in treating myasthenia gravis

Bradycardia in trained athletes.

Describe the actions and regulation of anti- diuretic hormone

Describe the actions of vasopressin and add a note on Diabetes Insipidus

Describe secondary sexual characteristics in females

Explain the physiological basis of Prolongation of the PR interval.

Physiological basis of Menstrual blood does not clot

Use of proton pump inhibitors in peptic ulcer

Explain the physiological basis of Sneeze reflex

Hyperthermia

Describe the enteric nervous system. Write the physiological basis for achalasia cardia.

Draw a tracing of the jugular venous pressure and give the basis of each wave.

Describe the physiological basis for renal splay.

Explain the physiological basis of Polyphagia in diabetes mellitus

Explain the physiological basis of Intra Uterine Contraceptive Device (IUCD)

Explain the role of dynamic lung function tests in the diagnosis of respiratory disorders.

Explain the physiological basis of Wallerian degeneration

Draw and label a normal jugular venous pulsation tracing.

Explain the physiological basis of Urine concentration in the Distal Convoluted Tubule

Hypothermia

Explain the physiological basis of Renal splay.

Describe the importance of dietary fiber

Explain the physiological basis of Polyuria in untreated Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Draw and label the Dorsal column pathway from right lower limb.

Draw and label a skeletal muscle action potential and indicate the ionic basis of each part.

Postprandial alkaline tide

Polyphagia of diabetes mellitus

Soldiers do not feel the pain of their injury until the battle is over – why?

Concept of universal donor and recipient

List the hazards of blood transfusion

Explain the physiological basis of Hyperthermia

Goitre

Safe period of family planning in females.

Explain the physiological basis of PR interval is prolonged in first degree heart block

Dietary fibre is significant

Physiological basis for myasthenia gravis

Explain the physiological basis of Copper – T

Polycythemia in High altitude areas.

Describe the actions of estrogen in various tissues

Draw a neat labelled diagram of a taste bud and describe the taste pathway.

Describe parturition

Explain the physiological basis of Use of anticoagulant – Heparin, in prolonging clotting time.

Physiological basis of Spermatogenesis is markedly reduced in undescended testis

Polyuria and polydipsia in diabetes insipidus

Explain the physiological basis of Hyperosmolarity of inner renal medulla

Jaundice

Night blindness.

Normal serum bilirubin level is..............

The cell that processes and presents antigens to lymphocytes is ....................

Intrinsic factor of castle is produced by ---------------- cells.

Explain the physiological basis of Mental retardation in cretinism

Describe various physiological mechanisms that operate in response to heat.

Explain the physiological basis of Pain of appendicitis felt around the umbilicus

Fibrinogen is converted into fibrin by-----------------

Explain the physiological basis of Heart sounds during the cardiac cycle

Deficiency of clotting factor XI leads to --------------

Explain the physiological basis of Loading zone in oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve.

Explain the physiological basis of Hearing impairment can occur during common cold

Cell mediated immunity is mediated by ------------- blood cells.

Explain the physiological basis of Gravindex test for pregnancy detection.

Yellowish tint of skin in myxoedema is due to.....................

Hearing impairment due to advancing age.

Babinski sign is positive in................

The site of lesion in Argyll Robertson pupil is ………………

Pushing the wall is an example for -------------- contraction.

Rh incompatibility is seen in …………………

Reading becomes progressively difficult with advancing age

Astigmatism is corrected using -------------- lens

Intrapleural pressure is negative

Explain the physiological basis of Cheyne-stokes breathing

Myopia and Hypermetropia

Diabetogenic effect of human growth hormone

Explain the physiological basis of Acute respiratory distress syndrome is seen in premature infants.

Haemolytic Disease of Newborn (HDN)

Normal range for serum calcium level is -----------

Explain the physiological basis of Tympanic reflex

Sigmoid shape of the Oxygen Dissociation curve.

Differentiate between REM and NREM sleep. Add a note on narcolepsy

Loss of memory is called ---------

Digestion of proteins occur in ……………………

Explain the physiological basis of Forced Expiratory Volume in the 1st second (FEV1) in COPD.

Physiological basis of Cornea survives in spite of it’s avascularity

Exchange transfusion in Erythroblastosis fetalis

Explain the physiological basis of Steatorrohoea in obstructive jaundice

Polycythemia at high altitude

Hypertonia in UMN lesion.

Perforins are secreted by.........cells

Nutritional anaemia seen in Vitamin B12 deficiency is...................

Condition where the platelet count is less than normal being called -------------

Explain the physiological basis of Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS) contains salt

Explain the physiologic basis of vagotomy in the treatment of peptic ulcer.

Explain the physiological basis of Fight or flight reaction

Hyaline membrane disease is caused due to deficiency of ------------------

Explain the physiological basis of Increased ventilation at high altitude

Kernicterus is caused due accumulation of -------------- in the basal ganglia.

Explain the physiological basis of Post-prandial alkaline tide.

Explain the physiological basis of Gigantism

Cessation of respiration during swallowing is called ------------

Adrenal cortical insufficiency leads to a condition..........

Saturation of transportation of substances in facilitated diffusion.

In Argyll Roberson pupil, the reflex which is lost ............

Site of secretion of somatomedins……………

Minimum strength of current given indefinitely to excite a tissue is called as ---------

Urine output is decreased in summer season because……………………

Endogenous peptide produces analgesia

Monosodium glutamate is associated with the primary taste sensation called ----------------

Gastric mucosa is resistant to auto-digestion

Normal value of renal threshold is …………

Explain the physiological basis of Anticoagulants in Myocardial infarction

Reffered pain

Light reflex

Explain the physiological basis of Polycythemia in high altitude

Vasa recta is having a significant role in urine formation

Disdiadochokinesia is a feature of ----------- disorder

Explain the physiological basis of Vestibulo ocular reflex

Explain the physiological basis of Cretinism

Alkaline tide after a meal.

Physiological basis for phantom limb

Paralysis of both the lower limbs is called --------

Stomach epithelial cells secrete …………………..

Explain the physiological basis of Use of Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS) in treatment of diarrhea.

Physiological basis of Sniffing helps in the act of smelling

Cyanosis

Explain the physiological basis of Tachycardia during exercise

Myocardial infarction

Muscle weakness in Myasthenia gravis.

Carbohydrate digesting enzyme present in saliva is............

The tissue capacity to utilise oxygen is lost in ..........type of hypoxia

Strict vegetarians can be prone for ---------------type of anemia

Explain the physiological basis of Brown sequard syndrome

Describe physiological mechanisms to reduce the effects of hypoxia in natives of high altitude.

Natural anticoagulant is ------------------

Explain the physiological basis of Cutaneous vasodilation in body temperature regulation

Purpura is caused due to deficiency of ---------------.

Explain the physiological basis of Histotoxic hypoxia.

Explain the physiological basis of Phantom limb pain

Hypoxia is the most potent stimulus for ------------ chemoreceptors.

Explain the physiological basis of Tetany

Bilateral destruction of ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus results in ....................

Myelinated nerves have higher velocity of conduction compared to unmyelinated nerves.

In Turners syndrome, karyotype pattern is .........

Glycine is an example of ---------------- neurotransmitter

Gastrectomy produces pernicious anemia…………………

Long term memory is a function of synapse

Antidiuretic hormone acts on ---------------- cells of the nephron

Hyaline membrane disease

The force of muscle contraction can be increased by ……………

Explain the physiological basis of Osmotic and pressure diuresis

Safe period as a contraceptive method

Presbyacusis

Explain the physiological basis of Splenectomy in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.

Shivering is a thermoregulatory response

----------- cells form the blood testes barrier

Explain the physiological basis of Non shivering thermogenesis

Explain the physiological basis of Intrauterine contraceptive devices

Renal threshold for glucose and glycosuria in diabetes mellitus.

Draw and label a muscle spindle and list its functions

Increased secretion of growth hormone after puberty is called ---------

Draw and label the pathway of stretch reflex

The gastric gland which secretes HCl is............

Combination of hypoxia and hypercapnia is called..........

Defecation after feeding is a rule in children. This is called ------------

With the help of a neat, labelled diagram depict the factors that prevent accumulation of excess fluid in the interstitium.

Steatorrhea occurs due to deficiency of -------------------

Blood is stored in blood banks at ------------------- degree centigrade.

Name the substance produced by pancreas to prevent its autodigestion.

The motor speech centre is .........area

Resting membrane potential of a skeletal muscle is............

One example for lateral inhibition…………………

The receptor for inverse stretch reflex is -----------------

Bile enters the digestive tract through ………………………

Hormone that stimulates milk production in the alveoli of mammary gland ---------------

The center regulating temperature in cold environment is located in …………… hypothalamus.

Edema in hypothyroidism is due to the accumulation of -----------

Physiological basis for rigidity in UMN lesions

Cushing’s syndrome is due to hypersecretion of -----------

The maximum amount of carbon dioxide in human body is transported as………………

Physiological basis of polyuria and polydypsia in diabetes mellitus

'a' wave of jugular venous pulse is caused due to..........

The role of pudendal nerve in micturition reflex is by controlling ..............sphincter

Hormone stimulating secretion of alkaline pancreatic juice is-------------

Describe the mechanisms regulating glomerular filtration rate.

Para Amino Hippuric Acid (PAH) is used to estimate ------------------

Decreased heart rate in athletes is due ------------------ in vagal tone.

The osmotic pressure exerted by plasma proteins is called ------------

Acromegaly is due to hypersecretion of ...............in adults

The part of a neuron in which action potential initiates is............

The cells involved in blood testis barrier is ……………….

In spinal cord the dorsal root is sensory and the ventral root is motor, this law is called

Lymphoid organ that functions as a reservoir for red blood cells ……………………

Testosterone is produced by ------------ cells of the testes.

Hypothalamic nucleus responsible for heat generation is -----------

Describe the qualities of a good doctor patient relationship.

Normal blood Calcium level is ........................

Altitude sickness is typically due to ……………………………….

Draw and label taste pathway

End systolic ventricular volume is..........

Heart sound produced due to closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves is..............

Tall T waves in ECG is indicative of ----------------

With the help of a neat labelled diagram depict the physiological basis for ECG changes in acute myocardial infarction.

Basic rhythm of respiration is maintained by -------------------

The shock produced due to hypersensitivity reaction is -------------

Normal value of Glomerular Filtration Rate is ---------------

Detection of pregnancy is based on hormone ........

The type of muscle found in the iris of the eye is ..........

The reason for presbyopia is loss of ………………

Compound action potential is produced by --------- nerve.

The enzyme present in saliva that acts on starch........................

Mental retardation occurs in dwarfism due to--------------------

The volume of air that moves in or out during each tidal breath is called ………………

Sleep spindles and K- complexes are seen in ----------- sleep

The primary function of the cerebrospinal fluid is to ……………………

A law denoting relationship between heart rate and blood pressure is........

QRS complex in ECG indicates..............

Ideal substance for measuring the GFR is -------------------

The law which states heart rate is inversely proportional to blood pressure is called ----

Difficulty in breathing on lying down is called ---------------

Substances that can cause contraction of the gall bladder are called -----------

Sensation lost in ageusia is...............

Neurotransmitter secreted at the Autonomic ganglia is.........

Fluid present in inner ear is -------

Normal value for transport maximum of glucose

An example of fast-adapting sensory receptor -------------------

Intrapleural pressure is normally negative because………………

Disappearance of alpha waves in EEG while opening the eyes is called -----------

Milk ejection reflex is brought about by --------------

The lungs are protected by ……………………

Normal ventilation perfusion ratio is......

Part of the nephron in which the maximum amount of water is reabsorbed is..........

Carbohydrate splitting enzyme present in saliva is------------------

Normal body temperature --------------0c

Influence of oxygen on the release of uptake of carbon dioxide is called ---------- effect.

Name the lung volume that cannot be measured using spirometer.

Raised intraocular pressure is called.......................

Adrenal medullary hormones belong to a chemical class of........

The receptor involved in the inverse stretch reflex………………

The phase of menstrual cycle occurring after ovulation is called ------------

Non pitting oedema is found in ………………………

Time required for double the Rheobase current to elicit response is called ----------------

The law explaining plasticity of urinary bladder……………..

Type of memory lost in Alzheimer’s disease in -----------

Decrease in sperm count is called ------------

Emphysema is characterized by ………………

Bluish discoloration of skin and mucus membrane is called.......

The final product of carbohydrate digestion is ............

‘a’ wave in JVP is due to --------------

The protein like channels responsible for water absorption in distal convoluted and collecting tubules of kidney is called------------

Alteration of heart rate in different phases of respiration is called -------------

Renin is secreted by ----------- cells of the juxta glomerular apparatus.

Process of programmed cell death is called .........

Cells of testis that secrete testosterone is ........

Another name for programmed cell death is ………………..

Cerebro spinal fluid is absorbed by -----------

Deafferentation of urinary bladder produce ……………….

Parturition reflex is an example of ----------------- feedback

The name of cells secreting renin in kidney………………

Disorders due to the hypersecretion of glucocorticoids is called -----------

Motor speech center is area ……………………..

Ideal substance used to measure GFR is........

Defecation observed immediately after a meal in children is due to....... reflex

Cause for ‘Bends’ (pain in joints) in deep sea divers is -----------------

Normal filtration fraction is -------------

Ptyalin is an enzyme present in -------------------

Name the tissue macrophages in liver.

Degenerative changes in distal part of nerve fiber is called.......

The condition in which carpopedal spasm seen is .........

The most abundant cell type in the islets of Langerhans is ……………………

In humans effective renal plasma flow is ……………..

Name the receptors present within the utricle, saccule and the semicircular canals

Name the hormone secreted by the pineal gland

Intention tremor is seen in ...............

D (delta) cells of pancreas secrete a) Insulin b) Glucagon c) Somatostatin d) Pancreatic polypeptide

Sarcomere referes to the portion of myofibril between: a) A and H band b) Z line and A band c) Two adjacent Z lines d) A and I band

Anterograde amnesia is typically associated with damage to the: a) Amygdala b) Hippocampus c) Cerebellum d) Thalamus

The mossy fibers in cerebellum make direct synaptic connections with: a) Granule cells b) Purkinje cells c) Stellate cells d) Basket cells

The first sign of puberty in females is: a) Thelarche b) Menarche c) Pubarche d) Adrenarche

Chloride ions are exchanged with one of the following ions during the chloride shift. a) Hydrogen b) Calcium c) Sodium d) Bicarbonate

Cholagogues are substances that cause……………… a) Contraction of gallbladder b) Increase bile secretion c) Concentrate bile d) Acidify bile

A laboratory report showing normal clotting time with an increased bleeding time is associated with a) Hemophilia A b) Thrombocytopenia purpura c) Christmas disease d) Vitamin K deficiency

The prime driving force for a counter current multiplier system is ………….. a) Urea recycling b) Medullary hyperosmolarity c) Action of ADH in collecting duct d) Sodium reabsorption in thick ascending loop of Henle

The ECG changes in First degree Heart Block shows a) Prolonged QT interval b) Prolonged PR interval c) ST-segment elevation d) ST segment depression

Sperms acquire motility in a) Testis b) Vas deferens c) Epididymis d) Seminal vesicle

FSH is produced by a) Corticotropes b) Somatotropes c) Gonadotropes d) Lactotropes

Delta cells of pancreas produce a) Insulin b) Somatostatin c) Glucagon d) Pancreatin

Gamma motor neurons are mainly influenced by a) Reticulospinal tract b) Tectospinal tract c) Corticospinal tract d) Vestibulospinal tract

Rough endoplasmic reticulum is the site of synthesis of a) Cholesterol b) Carbohydrate c) Protein d) Mucopolysaccharides

Physiological basis of oral contraceptive pills.

A middle aged male with a hyperfunctioning thyroid nodule underwent a complete thyroidectomy. Postoperatively, he complained of circumoral numbness and tingling. Examination showed a normal pulse rate, body temperature, and blood pressure. Applying pressure to the cuff caused muscular spasm below it. The consultant instructed the duty doctor to tap the face just below the zygomatic bone and order lab tests for serum calcium, phosphate, and PTH levels

A 35-year-old female presents with weight gain, especially around her abdomen and face, fragile skin, easy bruising, acne, fatigue, mood swings, and irregular periods over the past 6 months. She also reports increased thirst and frequent urination. Examination reveals high blood pressure, a moon-shaped face, buffalo hump, purple striae, and thin, easily bruised skin. a) Name the most probable clinical condition and mention its cause. b) Describe the physiological action of cortisol. c) Explain the physiological basis of clinical features observed in the above case.

Describe the origin, course, and termination of pain pathway from left lower limb. Add a note on referred pain.

Describe the abnormalities of growth hormone secretion.

Describe the connections and functions of Basal ganglia.

Explain the pupillary light reflexes. Add a note on Argyll Robertson Pupil.

Explain the role of hypothalamus in the regulation of water and food intake

List the hormones secreted by placenta. Add a note on fetoplacental unit

Describe how impulse travels across the neuromuscular junction. Add a note on neuromuscular blockers.

Draw and label sodium – potassium ATPase

Give the physiological basis of impedance matching.