Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of SurgeryBiochemistry Previous Year Question Papers

The following points about microfilaments are true except a) They form cytoskeleton with microtubules b) They form intracellular conducting channels c) They provide support and shape d) They are involved in muscle cell contraction

On boiling Benedict's solution is not reduced by a) Fructose b) Lactose c) Maltose d) Sucrose

Glycogen synthase is highly active under the conditions of a. Excess glycogen stores b. Starvation c. High-fat feeding d. High carbohydrate feeding

A constitutive enzyme is: a) Activated by an inducer b) Inhibited by a repressor c) Always present in the cell in the same concentration d) A constituent of the cell membrane

The glycosaminoglycan that serves as an anticoagulant: a) Heparin b) Hyaluronic acid c) Chondroitin sulfate d) Dermatan sulfate

Acute pancreatitis may be diagnosed by estimating serum levels of the enzyme a) Acid phosphatase b) Alanine transaminase c) Amylase d) Alkaline phosphatase

Molecular weight of human albumin is about a) 156,000 b) 90,000 c) 69,000 d) 54,000

Mitochondrial DNA is a) Circular double stranded b) Circular single stranded c) Linear double helix d) None of these

Two sugars which differ from one another only in configuration around a single carbon atom are termed a) Epimers b) Anomers c) Optical isomers d) Stereoisomers

Uses of the NADPH generated from the pentose phosphate pathway are all except a. Steroid synthesis b. Regeneration of glutathione to its reduced state c. Synthesis of fatty acids d. Synthesis of ketone bodies

Insulin favors: a) Gluconeogenesis b) Cholesterol Synthesis c) Lipogenesis d) Ketogenesis

A vitamin not available from plant source: a. Vitamin B1 b. Vitamin B12 c. Vitamin B2 d. Vitamin K

The coenzyme not involved in hydrogen transfer: a) FMN b) FAD c) NADP+ d) FHA

All the following coenzymes are involved in pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction except a) Flavine Adenine Dinucleotide b) Thiamine Pyrophosphate c) Biotin d) Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

The first amino acid incorporated in a polypeptide in a ribosome of a bacterium is a) N formyl methionine b) Methionine c) Alanine d) Glycine

An amino acid that does not take part in a helix formation is a) Histidine b) Tyrosine c) Tryptophan d) Proline

Among the following, the most sensitive indicator of glomerular function is a) Serum Urea b) Serum Creatinine c) Urea Clearance d) Creatinine Clearance 1

Which of the following cofactor is not required by this enzyme to convert pyruvate to Acetyl co A a. Thiamine b. Lipoic acid c. Pantothenic acid d. Pyridoxine

Deficiency of Folic acid leads to: a) Pellagra b) Night Blindness c) Macrocytic Anemia d) Microcytic Anemia

Mac Ardle’s syndrome is due to deficiency of: a. Pyruvate kinase b. Glycogen synthase c. Muscle glycogen phosphorylase d. Debranching enzyme

Esterification of cholesterol occurs at carbon position: a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4

Which enzyme in glycolytic pathway is inhibited by fluoride ions a) Aldolase b) Enolase c) Hexokinase d) Phospho fructokinase

Which one of the following disorders is characterized by self-mutilated behavior? a) Gouty arthritis b) Psoriasis c) Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome d) Severe combined immunodeficiency

In urea synthesis, the amino acid functions solely as an enzyme activator a) Ornithine b) Citrulline c) N-acetyl glutamate d) Arginine

Which of the following metabolite integrates-glucose and fatty acid metabolism? a) Acetyl CoA b) Pyruvate c) Citrate d) Lactate

The heteropolysaccharide which does not contain uronic acid is a. Keratan sulphate b. Dermatan sulphate c. Chondroitin sulphate d. Hyaluronic acid

Which of the following enzyme generated NADPH? a. Pyruvate carboxylase b. Pyruvate dehydrogenase c. Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase d. Lactate dehydrogenase

Which of the following enzyme is inhibited in starvation? a. Alanine transferase b. Glucokinase c. Pyruvate carboxylase d. Carbonic anhydrase

In the feedback regulations, the end product binds at a. Active site b. Allosteric site c. E-S complex d. None of the above

Pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA by a) Lactate dehydrogenase b) Pyruvate dehydrogenase c) Pyruvate carboxylase d) Pyruvate kinase

Carnitine is synthesized from a) Lysine and methionine b) Glycine and arginine c) Aspartate and glutamate d) Proline and hydroxyproline

The amino acid which detoxicated benzoic acid to form hippuric acid is a) Alanine b) Glycine c) Serine d) Glutamic acid

Anaemia can occur due to the deficiency of all of the following except: a) Thiamine b) Pyridoxine c) Folic acid d) Cyanocobalamin

Omega = 3 fatty acid is a. Alpha linolenic acid b. Linoleic acid c. Gamma linolenic acid d. Arachidonic acid

Which of the following cannot be converted back to glucose? a. Acetyl CoA b. Lactate c. Alanine d. Propionyl CoA

Which of the following enzyme catalyzes substrate-level phosphorylation? a. Hexokinase b. Phosphofructokinase c. Glycogen phosphorylase d. Pyruvate kinase

Test employed to check the purity of butter through the estimation of volatile fatty acids is a. lodine number b. Reichert Meisel number c. Saponification number d. Acid number

The key enzyme of glycolysis is a) Phosphohexose isomerase b) Phosphofructokinase c) Glucose 6 phosphatase d) Glycolaldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase

One of the following vitamins is associated with purine synthesis a) Folate b) Biotin c) Pyridoxine d) Vitamin B12

The apolipoprotein which forms the integral component of chylomicron is a) B-48 b) C c) D d) B-100

Catalytic activity of salivary amylase requires the presence of a) Chloride ions b) Bromide ions c) lodide ions d) All of these

All the following statement are true with regard to phospholipids, except: a. They can act as antigens b. They have surfactant properties c. They are components of bio membranes d. They are resistant to the action of enzymes

The main apoprotein present in HDL is: a. Apo A1 b. B-100 c. B-48 d. Apo E

The serum lipoprotein with the highest cholesterol content is: a. High-density lipoprotein b. Low-density lipoprotein c. Very low-density lipoprotein d. Chylomicron

The coenzyme directly concerned with the synthesis of biogenic amines a. TPP b. NADP+ c. Biotin d. Pyridoxal phosphate

Nyctalopia is due to deficiency of a) Vitamin K b) Vitamin A c) Vitamin E d) Vitamin B12

The following nucleoside is used in the treatment of Orotic aciduria a) Thymidine b) Uridine c) Adenosine d) Guanosine

Plasma proteins act as a) Buffers b) Immunoglobulins c) Reserve proteins d) All of these

HMG CoA is formed in the metabolism of a) Cholesterol, ketones and Leucine b) Cholesterol, fatty acid and Leucine c) Lysine, Leucine and Isoleucine d) Ketones, Leucine and Lysine

Biochemical test required for assessing thiamine deficiency is a. FIGLU test b. Xanthurenic acid excretion c. RBC transketolase test d. Ferric chloride test

Which of the below mentioned compound has highest calorific value: a. Glucose b. Amino Acid c. Palmitic acid d. Ethanol

Which of the following is not included in calculating the calorie requirement of an individual? a. BMR b. RO. c.5DA d. Nature of work

Formiminoe glutamic acid is excreted in urine in the deficiency of Vitamin a. Riboflavin b. Folic acid c. Biotin d. Vit C

If the product is more toxic than original compound, which of the following toxin is used a) Conjugation b) Biotransformation c) Detoxification d) Bioactivation

Following all are anticancer drugs, except a) Cisplatin b) Actinomycin BD c) 6-Mercaptopurine d) Azithromycin

NH3 is removed from brain mainly by a) Creatinine formation b) Uric acid production c) Glutamine formation d) Urea formation

All the following statements correctly describe ketone bodies except: a) They may result from starvation b) They are present at high levels in uncontrolled diabetes c) They include — OH B-butyrate and acetone d) They are utilized by the liver during starvation

Calcitriol synthesis involves a. Liver and kidney b. Intestine and kidney c. Only liver d. Only intestine

Negative nitrogen balance is observed in: a. Pregnancy b. Growth period c. Chronic fever d. Convalescence

Lysine is deficient in: a. Cereals (rice and wheat) b. Maize and corn c. Pulses (Bengal gram dal) d. Tapioca (Cassava)

The enzyme that converts trypsinogen to trypsin is a. Secretin b. Chymotrypsin c. Elastase d. Enteropeptidase

Vitamin K is inhibited by a) Isoniazid (INH) b) Avidin c) Methotrexate d) Dicoumarol

The amino acids required for the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines are a) Glycine and Aspartate b) Aspartate and Glutamine c) Aspartate and Glutamate d) Glycine and Glutamate

Insulin is made up of a) A single polypeptide chain having 51 amino acid residues b) Asingle polypeptide chain having 84 amino acid residues c) A-chain having 21 and B-chain having 30 amino acid residues d) A-chain having 30 and B-chain having 21 amino acid residues. 1

Phrynoderma is a deficiency of a) Essential fatty acids b) Proteins c) Amino acids d) None of these

Requirement of vitamin E increases with the increasing intake of a. Calories b. Proteins c. PUFA d. Cholesterol

Large dose of Vitamin K in neonate can cause: a. Cyanosis b. Jaundice c. Skin Disorder d. Porphyria

The structure of vitamin A contains: a. Naphthoquinone ring b. Chromane ring c. Beta-ionone ring d. Thiazole ring

Active form of Vitamin D is a. Cholecalciferol b. Ergocalciferol c. Dehydrocholesteral d. Calcitriol

Which of the following enzymes are involved in detoxification a) Decarboxylases b) Cytochrome P450 enzymes c) Transaminases d) Dehydrogenases

The loss of DNA at the end chromosomes is prevented by the action of a) DNA ligase b) Telomerase c) DNA gyrase d) ONA polymerase

Gaucher's disease is due to a deficiency of the enzyme a) Sphingomyelinase b) Glucocerebrosidase c) Galactocerebrosidase d) B-Galactosidase

One of the following amino acid is most frequently found at the active site of several enzymes a. Glycine b. Leucine c. Serine d. Threonine

Heme is converted to bilirubin in: a. Mitochondria b. Microsomes c. Golgi Bodies d. Plasma Membrane

The following enzyme of heme biosynthesis is inhibited by lead: a. ALA dehydratase b. UBG | Synthase c. ALA synthase d. Coproporphyrinogen oxidase

Inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to a. H+ b. K+ c. OH- d. All of them

Which of the vitamins listed has no antioxidant property a) Vitamin E b) Vitamin A c) Vitamin C d) Vitamin K

Increased gastric HCI secretion is found in a) Zollinger-Ellison syndrome b) Gastric carcinoma c) Pernicious anemia d) Gastritis

Serum lactate dehydrogenase rises in a) Viral hepatitis b) Myocardial infarction c) Carcinomatosis d) All of these

In normal condition which LDH isoenzyme is predominantly found in serum a. LDH-1 b. LDH-2 c. LDH-3 d. LDH-4

The organelle concerned with free radical scavenging is: a. Lysosome b. Golgi Bodies c. Nucleolus d. Peroxisomes

Which of the following processes makes use of free radicals? a. Cell adhesion b. Phagocytosis c. Contact inhibition d. Pinocytosis

The number of heme groups present in myoglobin a. 1 b. 2 с. 3 d. 4

Which is the enzyme specially involved in ossification of bone a) Hexokinase b) ATPase c) Alkaline phosphatase d) Acid phosphatase

Calcitriol acts synergistically with the following hormone on bone a) Calcitonin b) Epinephrine c) Parathyroid hormone (PTH) d) Insulin

All are Amino acid-derived hormones except: a) Thiamine b) Epinephrine c) Testosterone d) Nor-epinephrine

Both folic acid and vitamin B12 are required in a) Deamination of serine b) Deamination of threonine c) Conversion of pyridoxal phosphate to pyridoxamine phosphate d) Methylation of homocysteine to methionine

High levels of lead can affect heme metabolism by combining with 5H groups of which out of the following enzymes a. ALA synthase b. ALA dehydratase c. PBG deaminase d. Coproporphyrinogen oxidase

Refsum's disease is due to accumulation of: a) Sphingomyelin b) Glucocerebraside c) Phytanic Acid d) Ganglioside

Hypercholesterolemia.js seen in the following conditions except: a. Diabetes mellitus b. Hyperthyroidism c. Nephrotic syndrome d. Obstructive jaundice

Vandenbergh reaction in hemolytic jaundice is a. Indirect positive b. Direct positive c. Biphasic d. None of these

Which disease is associated with conjugated hyper bilirubinemia a) Dubin Johnson syndrome b) Congenital spherocytosis c) Gilbert disease d) Crigler Najjar syndrome

Vanden Bergh reaction is indirect positive in which jaundice? a) Hepatocellular b) Hemolytic c) Obstructive d) All of the above

Niacin can be synthesized in human beings from a) Histidine b) Tryptophan c) Phenylalanine d) Tyrosine

The vitamin required for the formation of hydroxyproline during collagen synthesis is a) Vitamin C b) Vitamin A c) Vitamin D d) Vitamin E

The highest level of protein structure seen in myoglobin is a. Primary b. Secondary c. Tertiary d. Quaternary

The tissue that cannot use fatty acids as fuel is: a) Liver b) Brain c) Skeletal Muscle d) Cardiac muscle

The chain elongation of fatty acid takes place in: a. Mitochondria b. Microsomes c. Golgi complex. d. Peroxisome

The substance that facilitates the release of O, from oxyhemoglobin a. 2,3, BPG b. H+ c. Cl d. All of them

Which of the following diseases are not attributed to free radical injury a) Cataract b) Reperfusion injury c) Retrolental fibroplasia d) Hypothyroidism

Which one of the following vitamins acts as a cell scavenger? a) Vitamin E b) Vitamin D c) Vitamin A d) Vitamin K

In mammalian cells, ribosomal RNA is produced mainly in the a) Nucleolus b) Nucleus c) Ribosome F d) Golgi apparatus

The most potent Vitamin D metabolite is a) 25-hydroxycholecalciferol b) 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol c) 24, 25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol d) 7-Dehydracholesterol

Specific Dynamic Action (SDA) is highest for a. Carbohydrates b. Proteins c. Lipids d. Mixed diet

Which of the following is Phase 3 reaction-of Detoxification: a) Epoxidation b) Glucuronidation c) Deconjugation d) Dealkylation

The following are the features of starvation except: a. Ketoacidosis b. Glycogenolysis c. Increase in BMR d. Gluconeogenesis

In anormal adult man, the amount of triacylglycerol stored is a. 40 kg b. 35 kg c.25 kg d.15 kg

Ketone bodies in urine are identified by a) Heat and acetic acid b) Benedicts test c) Rothera’s test d) Benzidine test

Dietary requirement of thiamine increases with a higher intake of a) Carbohydrates b) Proteins c) Cholesterol d) Lipids

A characteristic pheochromocytoma is elevated urinary excretion of a) Dopamine b) Tyrosine c) Phenylalanine d) Vanillylmandelic acid

An example of feedback inhibition is a) Allosteric inhibition of hexokinase by glucose-6-phosphate b) Cyanide action on cytochrome c) Sulpha drug on folic acid synthesizer bacteria d) Reaction between succinic dehydrogenase and succinic acid

Which of the following supplies the 2 carbon units that are added to the elongation of fatty acid chain a. Acetyl coA b. Malonyl co A c. B- keto acyl coA d. Glucose

The pathway which takes place in mitochondria is: a) Glycolysis b) HMP pathway c) Ketogenesis d) Cholesterol synthesis

Specific gravity of urine is increased in: a. Chronic glomerulonephritis b. Diabetes mellitus c. Liver disease d. Intake of vegetables

Foodstuff with the highest specific dynamic action is a. Protein b. Carbohydrate c. Fat d. Vitamins

Heme contains a) Sodium b) Magnesium c) Calcium d) Iron

Keshan disease occurs due to the deficiency of a) Selenium b) Chromium c) Cobalt d) Manganese

Zinc is a constituent of the enzyme a) Succinate dehydrogenase b) Mitochondrial superoxide dismutase c) Carbonic anhydrase d) Aldolase

‘Clearing factor’ is a) Lipoprotein lipase b) Crotonase c) 7-dehydro cholesterol d) B-sitosterol

A 75 year old female is seen in the emergency room with fractured arm. Physical examination reveals multiple bruises, perifollicular hemorrhages and bleeding gums. Laboratory result indicates micracytic hypochromic anemia. Which of the following enzymes should be less active than the normal in this patient A. Glutathione peroxidase B. Prolyl hydroxylase C. Gamma Glutamyl transferase D. ALA synthase

Steroid hormone is produced from: a) Purine b) Pyrimidine c) Cholesterol d) Stercobilinogen

Beta oxidation of fatty acid forms-all the following except: a. NADH b. Acetyl CoA c. Malonyl CoA d. FADH2

The final common pathway for oxidation of major foodstuff is a. Glycolysis b. Kreb's cycle c. HMP shunt d. B-oxidation

The pathway which taken place in the Mitochondria is a) Ketogenesis b) Glycolysis c) Cholesterol synthesis d) HMP shunt pathway

Niacin can be synthesized from the following-amino acid a) Histidine b) Tryptophan c) Tyrosine d) Threonine

Which of the following statements about Menke's disease are true a) It is an inherited disorder of copper metabolism b) Plasma copper is increased in it c) It occurs only in males d) Hair becomes steely and kinky in it

Acetyl CoA carboxylase is activated by a) Citrate b) Insulin c) Both A&B d) None of these

A weight loss advertisement claims that drug causes your body to burn calories without the need of exercise. Which of the following compounds could make this claim a. Barbiturates b. Antimycin c. Dinitrophenol d. BAL

Renal plasma flow is measured by: a) Creatinine Clearance b) Specific gravity of urine c) Para amino Hippurate clearance d) Urine output

Congenital erythropoietic porphyria is caused due to deficiency of: a. Coproporphyrinogen oxidase b. Uroporphyrinogen III cosynthase c. PBG deaminase d. Protoporphyrinogen oxidase

One of the following is the most important essential fatty acid in the diet a. Linoleic acid b. Arachidonic acid c. Oleic acid d. Palmitic acid

Fatty liver may be prevented by the following except a) Lecithin b) Ethanol c) Choline d) Erythrocytes

Which one of the following trace element deficiencies causes loss of taste sensation? a) Copper b) Iron c) Zine d) Selenium

Meningitis and encephalitis cause a) Respiratory alkalosis b) Metabolic alkalosis c) Metabolic acidosis d) Respiratory acidosis

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is induced by a) 6-Phosphogluconolactone b) Glucose-6-phosphate c) Ribose-5-phosphate d) Insulin

Which of the following Apo proteins is an activator of lipoprotein lipase a. Apo A b. Apo B c. Apo Cll d. Apo D

Which of the following amino acid can give rise to a vitamin a. Thyptophan b. Proline c. Histidine d. Phenylalanine

Which amino acid does not undergo transamination a. Lysine b. Serine c. Glutamate d. Valine

The two nitrogen atoms of urea are delivered from a. Ammonia and arginine b. Ammonia and aspartate c. Ammonia and alanine d. Ammonia and creatinine

The amino acid which does not allow formation of alpha helix is a. Glutamate b. Glycine c. Aspartic acid d. Proline

Driving Denove synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotide which nucleotide is first synthesized a. IMP b. CMP c. UMP d. CMP

The drug of choice for treating primary gout is: a. Allopurinol b. Aspirin c. Tetracycline d. Colchicine

The daily requirement of iron in adult is a. 10-20 microgram b. 10-20 gram c. 0.1-0.5 mg

Hyperparathyroidism is characterized by all the following except: a. Osteaporosis b. Hypercalciuria c. Alkalosis

DNA finger printing is based on unique a. Tandam repeats b. Blood group c. Mutagens d. Coding sequence

Which is not a transcription initiation signal? a. CAAT box b. Hogness box c. Pribnow box d. Homeo box

Nucleosome is a. Alternate name for nucleolus b. Promoter sequence for transcription c. DNA-RNA complex present in nucleus d. DNA wrapped around histones

Causes of metabolic alkalosis includes all the following except: a. Continuous gastric aspiration b. Ingestion of antacids c. Prolonged vomiting d. Hyperventilation

Which of the following is not a contractile protein? a. Tubulin b. Actin c. BDesmosine d. Dynen

Alpha fetoprotein level is increased in-serum in a. Hepatoma b. Hyperthyroidism c. Nephritis d. Urinary tract infection

The following compounds can act as secondary messenger except: a. Calcium ions b. Inositol triphosphate c. ATP

ATP synthase is a marker enzyme present in a. Golgi complex b. Cytoplasm c. Mitochondria d. Lysosome

Peroxisomes are a. Site of oxidative phosphorylation b. Site of protein synthesis c. Concerned with drug detoxification d. Involved in production of free radicals

Oncogenes are activated by all, except: a. Viral infection b. Promoter insertion c. Mutation in proto oncogene d. Reverse transcriptase

Proximal Renal tubular acidosis is characterized by all except: a. Anemia b. Urinary pH 4,5 c. Normal anion gap acidosis d. Hyperchloremia

Define BMR. What is its normal value? What are the factors affecting BMR?

Explain the transport mechanisms across the cell membrane.

What is the normal blood pH? Describe the regulatory mechanisms of blood pH. Explain about renal regulation of blood pH. Add a note on the anion gap.

A 30-year-old man, a Strict vegetarian who does not consume even dairy products, came to the hospital with complaints of weakness, pallor, loss of sensation in the extremities, and mental confusion. On investigation, his Hb levels were found to be 7g/dl. His blood picture showed large abnormal and immature RBC. On urine examination, large amounts of methylmalonic acid a) What is your probable diagnosis? And interpret the case. b) What are the deficiency manifestations of Vitamin B12? And explain them. c) Write about absorption and transport of Vitamin B12? d) What are the biochemical functions of VitB12? e) Add a note on the metabolic link between VitB12 and folic acid.

Write the sources, RDA, absorption, transport, biochemical functions and deficiency manifestations of calcium. Add a note.on the regulation of plasma calcium levels.

A 10-year-old girl at neurology OP presented with a recent history of generalized fits and pellagra-like skin rashes for the past 2 years. She also has a H/o psychotic behavior and difficulty in walking for the past 6 months. Chromatography of urine revealed that excretion of tryptophan and other neutral amino acids. In serum also, low levels of these amino acids were observed. In urine, by doing Obermeyer test, indicant products were identified. a) What is your probable diagnosis? Interpret the case. b) Describe the metabolic pathway of tryptophan. c) Name the biologically important substances produced from tryptophan. d) Write briefly on the biological role of serotonin and melatonin.

A 50-year-old male attended the casualty department with complaints of chest pain, fatigue, and uneasiness in daily activities. On laboratory examination, the total cholesterol was 293 mg/dl, LDL cholesterol - 160 mg/dl, and his triglycerides were 300mg/dl.

A 33-year-old child was brought to the-hospital by the parent with the complaint of the child's diapers becoming black. Answer the following: a) What is your probable diagnosis? b) Which metabolic pathway is affected? c) What is the biochemical cause behind the black diapers? d) What are the important compounds derived from tyrosine?

A 35-year-old male attended the emergency department with complaints of nausea, vomiting, and headache for the past week and also he complained that for the last 15 days, he has been feeling very tired. His blood pH is 7.35 and HCOs is 22 meq/I. (This section is incomplete in the image. It cuts off mid- sentence.) What is the normal blood pH? Enlist various buffers of body fluids. Explain the role of plasma buffers and renal mechanisms in the maintenance of acid-base balance.

Polymerase chain reaction: a) What is the principle of PCR? b) Write about types of PCR and their uses. c) Describe the technique of PCR. d) Write about the applications of PCR.

Write in detail about the types, characteristics, and metabolism of lipoproteins. Add a note on lipoprotein disorders. Describe the chemistry, biochemical functions, daily requirements, sources, and deficiency manifestations of Vitamin A.

Classify hormones? Describe the mechanism of action of group 1 hormones.

Write about the glycemic index and its significance.

Describe the types of PEM (Protein Energy Malnutrition).

Write about the composition and functions of the extracellular matrix.

Explain the specificity of an enzyme with examples.

Describe the steps of PCR and its applications.

Describe the diagnostic importance of serum enzymes in various diseases.

4 three-month-old baby was brought to the hospital with the complaint of the child's diaper becoming black. a) What is your probable diagnosis? b) What is the biochemical cause for the blackening of diapers? c) Write about the metabolism of Tyrosine.

Write about the synthesis and functions of catecholamines.

Describe the electron transport chain. Add a note on inhibitors of ETC.

Define immunity. Describe the types of immunity and add a note on acquired immunity.

Explain detoxification by conjugation with four examples.

Define and describe different types of mutations.

HMP shunt and its significance.

What is a vaccine? Write about types of vaccines with their advantages and disadvantages.

Enumerate the types of polysaccharides and their functions.

Write about the formation and absorption of amino acids.

Classify hormones based on their mechanism of action.

What are isoenzymes? Write about cardiac isoenzymes.

Carcinogenic agents.

Sucrose intolerance.

Define and describe the different types of mutations with examples.

Write about the mechanisms of amino acid absorption.

A 50-year-old alcoholic man came to the hospital with complaints of excruciating pain in his great toe. What is your diagnosis? Enumerate the primary and secondary causes of the disease. What is the drug of choice for this condition?

Enumerate the types of Heteropolysaccharides and write their biochemical significance.

A 55-year-old man was brought to the hospital with severe abdominal pain. The patient was in a state of shock. On examination, his abdomen was distended and both femoral pulses were obliterated. After laparotomy, the condition was identified as a ruptured abdominal, aortic aneurysm. The laboratory investigations were as follows: Blood pH: 7.0, plasma HCO3 8 mEq/L, pCO2 25 mmHg, pO2 90 mmHg, Anion gap 24 mEq/L. Interpret the data and discuss the case.

Write about sources, RDA functions, and regulation of Calcium in our body.

What are enzymes involved in biological oxidation? Explain their functions with examples.

Functions of Plasma Proteins.

What are antioxidants? Give two examples of: Antioxidant enzymes Antioxidant vitamins Antioxidant minerals

Describe the absorption and functions of magnesium in the body.

4 40-year-old obese woman presented to the medical OPD with a complaint of right upper abdominal pain, mild fever, loss of appetite, and generalized itching. Furthermore, she gave a history of frothy clay-colored stool and high- colored urine. Her lab data is as follows: Total bilirubin - 12 mg%, Direct bilirubin - 10 mg%, Indirect bilirubin - 2 mg%, SGPT - 3 IU/L, SGOT - SO IU/L, ALP - 350 IU/L. a) What is the probable diagnosis? b) How do you differentiate jaundice based on Vanderberg's reaction?

Enumerate the tumor markers and their role in cancer diagnosis.

Describe the uronic acid pathway and its clinical significance.

Immunoglobulins.

Write in detail about ETC. Add a note on.its inhibition and uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation.

Write about the de novo synthesis of purine nucleotides.

What is clearance? What are the different types of clearance tests you know, and write their importance?

Enumerate the steps of Uric acid synthesis and add a note on its clinical importance.

Metabolic changes in starvation.

Carcinogens.

What are the factors affecting enzyme activity? Add a note on competitive inhibition.

Write about the vesicular transport across the cell membrane.

Describe the metabolic adaptations during starvation.

Describe transcription of MRNA in Prokaryotes and add a note on post- transcriptional modifications.

Describe the tests to assess glomerular function.

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.

What is clearance? What are the different types of clearance tests you know and their significance?

Describe globulins with their functions.

Write about the biochemical effects of reactive oxygen species.

Describe the structure and functions of collagen.

Write about the sources and generation of reactive oxygen species.

PCR and its applications.

Describe the steps of heme synthesis. Add a note on AIP (Acute Intermittent Porphyria).

Functions of Zinc.

What are isoenzymes? Describe the clinical significance of cardiac isoenzymes.

Maple syrup urine disease is an inborn error in metabolism of a) Sulphur-containing amino acids b) Aromatic amino acids c) Branched chain amino acids d) Dicarboxylic amino acids

Hemopexin carries a) Free hemoglobin b) Free heme c) Free bilirubin d) Free iron

Describe in detail about citric acid cycle. Write briefly on energetics and regulation

In pheochromocytoma, there is excess synthesis of a. Vanillyl mandelic acid b. Polyamines c. Hippuric acid d. Indole acetic acid

The amino acid found in protein structure a. Arginine b. Proline c. Histidine d. Lysine

During urea cycle two nitrogen atoms are derived from a) Ammonia and arginine b) Ammonia and aspartic acid c) Both from Ammonia d) Ammonia and Ornithine

A 40-year-old man is brought to the hospital in a comatose state. On examination, he was found to be dehydrated and toxic with a characteristic breathing pattern with sweet smell. He was admitted and investigated. Following are his lab investigations: RBS :380 mg/dl S. HCO3: 15 mEq/L S. Ketones: 80mg/dl pH: 7.25 www.FirstRanker Urinary Benedicts test: ++++ Urinary Rothera's test: Positive Answer the following: a) What is your diagnosis? b) What are the favourable points for your diagnosis? c) Explain the metabolism of Ketone Bodies? d) Write about the hormonal regulation of blood glucose. e) What are the differences between types of Diabetes Mellitus?

Write in detail about oxidation of Glucose in the anerobic 6+2+2=10 conditions. Add a note on regulation and energetics.

Write in detail about acid base balance

Write in detail about vitamin B12 - its sources, coenzymes, RDA, functions, metabolism and deficiency manifestations

Acetylcholine can be synthesized from which amino acid: a. Tyrosine b. Serine c. Threonine d. Tryptophan

Describe the classification and structural organization of lipoproteins? Write in detail about the transportation of lipids in the body. Add a note on disorders of lipoproteins.

Non protein amino acid is a. Ornithine b. Homocysteine c. Histamine d. All of them

Ammonia is trapped in brain by a) Glutamine Synthetase reaction b) Glutaminase reaction c) Urea Synthesis cycle d) Glutamate dehydrogenase reaction

Define the lipoproteins and classify them. Explain the LDL metabolism. Write about Atherosclerosis.

Gluconeogenesis is decreased by a) Glucagon b) Epinephrine c) Glucocorticoids d) Insulin

Write in detail about ATP synthesis in the body. Write briefly about inhibitors of ATP.

Describe in detail about purine catabolism. Add a note on Hyperuricemia

Which of the following enzymes is not classified under transferases a. Hexokinase b. SGOT c. Tryptophan pyrrolase d. Thiophorase

Specific dynamic action

Ammonia is trapped in the brain by: a. Glutamine synthase reaction b. Carbamoyl phosphate synthase 1 c. Citrate synthase d. Glutamate dehydrogenase

The following nitrogenous base not present in DNA structure a. Adenine b. Guanine c. Cytosine d. Uracil

The Major Donor of Carbon Atoms to the One-Carbon Pool is a) Serine b) Tyrosine c) Threonine d) Proline

Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates

The greatest buffering capacity at physiological pH would be provided by a protein rich in which of the following amino acids? a. Serine b. Cysteine c. Alanine d. Histidine

PCR Test

Enzymes bind to substrate: a. By covalent bonds b. By glycosidic bond c. At catalytic site only d. Peptide bond

Metabolism of galactose

Tertiary structure of protein describes: a. The sequence of amino acids b. The location of disulfide bonds c. Amino terminal end amino acid d. The nature of protein folding

The bonds in protein structure that are not broken on denaturation a. Hydrogen bonds b. Peptide bonds c. lonic bonds d. Disulfide bonds

Which amino acid will give rise to major pigment of the body? a) Histidine b) Glutamic acid c) Ornithine d) Tyrosine

Oxidative phase of HMP Pathway

Purely ketogenic amino acid is a. Leucine b. Threonine c. Isoleucine d. Tyrosine

Homocystinuria

Regulation of cholesterol synthesis

Formation of dTMP requires a. Coenzyme A b. NADPH c. Vitamin C d. Molybdenum

Which is a sulfur containing essential amino acid a. Methionine b. Cysteine c. Cystine d. All of them

Homogentisic acid is excreted in urine in a) Phenylketonuria b) Maple syrup urine disease c) Tyrosinosis d) Alkaptonuria

Protein Energy Malnutrition

RNA synthesis is different from DNA synthesis com in the following ways, except: a. No efficient proofreading function during RNA synthesis b. Primer is not involved in RNA synthesis com c. DNA synthesis occurs with 5'-3' polarity, whereas RNA synthesis occurs with 3'-5' polarity d. 'U' replaces 'T' as the complementary base for 'A' in RNA synthesis

RFT

Digestion and absorption of lipids

Secondary hyperuricemia is present in all the following conditions a. Polycythemia b. Cytotoxic drug therapy c. Leukemia d. Hepatitis

The following coenzyme is a nucleotide a. FAD b. NAD+ c. CoASH d. All of them

Ochronosis is seen in a) Phenyl Ketonuria b) Alkaptonuria c) Tyrosinosis d) Albinism

Phospholipids

The translation factor which helps in forming ternary tRNA methionine complex is: a. elF2C b. elF4A c. elF4B d. elF3

Mechanisms of hormone action

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

Which of the below mentioned enzyme does not contain copper: a. Cytochrome oxidase b. Superoxide dismutase c. Xanthine oxidase d. Tyrosinase

Iron in the mucosal cells binds with the protein a. Transferrin b. Ferritin c. Ceruloplasmin d. Hemosiderin

The anti-coagulant found in the body a) Potassium oxalate b) Sodium Citrate c) Heparin d) EDTA

Functions of Vitamin C

Nucleosomes are a fundamental unit of DNA organization. It consists of histones complexed to DNA. Histone proteins present in nucleosomes are rich in which of the following amino acids: a. Histidine and lysine b. Lysine and arginine c. Arginine and histidine d. Histidine and valine

Electrolytes

Isoenzymes - 2 Examples

Zinc is constituent of all the following enzymes except: a. Alkaline phosphatase b. Amylase c. Carbonic anhydrase

Hemophilia A is due to the deficiency of clotting factor a. X b. V c. Vill d. Il

Coenzyme forms of Niacin and Riboflavin

Which out of the following is nota product of tyrosine metabolism: a. Melanin b. Melatonin c. Thyroxin d. Epinephrine

Two compounds derived from tyrosine

Oral glucose tolerance test - Indications

Which of the enzyme listed below is heat stable? a. Restriction endonuclease b. Thermo thermophilus c. Reverse transcriptase d. Enterokinase

The only route through which H+ ions are eliminated from the body a. Lungs b. Stomach c. Kidneys d. None of them

Administration of diuretics cause loss of potassium which may lead to a) Metabolic acidosis b) Respiratory acidosis c) Respiratory alkalosis d) Metabolic alkalosis

Enzymes deficient in Galactosemia

Which one of these inhibits adenylyl cyclase: a. ACTH b. ADH c. Angiotensin II d. Glucagon

Two nucleosides

Myogiobin - Functions

The following are the vectors for gene therapy except: a. Retrovirus b. E. Coli c. Adenovirus d. Liposome

Element that prevents the development of dental caries a. Fluorine b. Calcium c. Phosphorus d. Sodium

Which of the following conditions will produce high anion gap acidosis? a) Diarrhea b) Renal tubular acidosis c) Renal failure d) Uretero sigmoidostomy

Products derived from cholesterol

Which is the major intracellular cation: a. Na+ b. K+ c. Ca2+ d. Mg2+

Structure of DNA

Enzymes elevated in acute pancreatitis

Unusual nucleotide bases are found in significant quantity in: a. Messenger RNA b. Ribosomal RNA c. Transfer RNA d. snRNA

The anion with highest concentration in the extracellular fluids is a. Cl- b. HCO3- c. HPO4- d. Protein

ECF volume does not change with a) ADH b) Aldosterone c) Calcitriol d) Renin

Two factors which shift oxygen dissociation curve to the right

Normal anion gap metabolic acidosis is caused by: a. Cholera b. Starvation c. Ethylene glycol poisoning d. Lactic acidosis

Normal blood and urine pH

Balanced diet

Denaturation of DNA is accompanied by all the following changes except: a. Hyperchromicity b. Increase in viscosity c. Unstacking of base d. Double helix structure

Fight, fright and flight hormone is a. Thyroxine b. Aldosterone c. Epinephrine d. ADH

The cation with lowest intra cellular concentration a) Potassium b) Magnesium c) Sodium d) Calcium

High Energy Compounds

The major urinary buffer is: a. Bicarbonate b. Phosphate c. Protein d. Hemoglobin

Mention two carcinogens

Administration of diuretics causes loss of potassium ions which can lead to: a. Metabolic alkalosis b. Metabolic acidosis c. Respiratory acidosis d. Respiratory alkalosis

Mitochondrial DNA is inherited from a. Mother only b. Father only c. Both of them d. Either mother or father

The Immunoglobulin which provides the highest antiviral activity is a) lgG b) IgE c) lgD d) lgA

Which contains iron a) Ceruloplasmin b) Xanthine oxidase c) Albumin d) Superoxide desmutase

Marker enzyme for Golgi complex is: a. Galactosyl transferase b. Catalase c. Glucose 6 phosphatase d. None

Hydroxylation occurs in which of the following amino acids in collagen: a. Threonine b. Alanine c. Lysine d. Tryptophan

The anion gap refers to the unmeasured plasma anion concentration (in the laboratory) and is represented by a. Proteins and organic acids b. Phosphate and sulfate c. Urate d. All of them

Which enzyme do not contain copper? a) Cytochrome Oxidase b) Superoxide dismutase c) Xanthine oxidase d) Tyrosinase

Which of the following is a negative phase reactant a. C Reactive protein b. Albumin c. Fibrinogen d. Ferritin

Which of the following is due to tumor suppressor mutation? a. Retinoblastoma b. Hyperthyroidism c. Cystic Fibrosis d. Sickle cell disease

Methylation of DNA results in a. Recruiting proteins involved in gene repression b. Inactivation of genes c. No effect on genes d. Inactivation of protein motifs

The micro mineral present in teeth is a) Calcium b) lodine c) Fluorine d) Manganese

Plasmids contain a a. Circular single stranded DNA b. Linear single stranded DNA c. Circular double stranded DNA d. Linear double stranded DNA

The uptake of iodine by thyroid gland is inhibited by: a. Fluoride b. Perchlorate c. Bromide d. Chloride

Enzyme that removes RNA primer during DNA replication is a. Primase b. DNA polymerase c. DNA polymerase II d. Ligase

Which of the following trace element has antioxidant role? a) Chromium b) Zinc c) Selenium d) Nickel

Which of the following immunoglobulin crosses placenta a. IgG b. IgM c. IgE d. IgA

The following is not an acute phase protein: a. CRP b. Ceruloplasmin c. HDL d. Haptoglobin

As per WHO criteria, a person is said to be diabetic in oral glucose tolerance test (GTT) a. Fasting blood glucose exceeds 126 mg/dl, and 2 hours after OGTT goes beyond 200 mg/dl b. Fasting blood glucose exceeds 86 mg/dl, and 2 hours after OGTT goes beyond 100 mg/dl c. Fasting blood glucose exceeds 76 mg/dl, and 2 hours after OGTT goes beyond 92 mg/dl d. None of the above

Sigma factor is a) A sub unit of DNA polymerase b) A sub unit of RNA polymerase c) Asub unit of 50S ribosome d) responsible for initiation of replication

Which of the following activity is not seen in DNA polymerase I a. 5'-3' polymerase b. 3'-5' polymerase c. 5'-3' exonuclease d. 3'-5' exonuclease

Sodium potassium pump is inhibited by: a. Aspirin b. Digoxin c. Methotrexate d. Rifampicin

Carcinoembryonic antigen produced by the embryonic tissue of a. Liver b. Gut c. Pancreas d. All of the above

Intron is portion of a) DNA that is cleaved of during replication b) mRNA that is removed after transcription c) tRNA that is added on after its synthesis d) Protein removed after translation

Highly repetitive DNA is seen in a. Telomere b. Centromere c. Both d. None

Oncogenes are specific sequences in DNA: a. That are tumor markers b. When expressed produce cancer c. That code for reverse transcriptase d. Required for DNA replication

Tetany is associated with the following condition a. Hypocalcemia b. Hypercalcemia c. Hyperparathyroidism d. Renal rickets

Which hormone does not act at the level of transcription a) Cortisol b) Calcitriol c) Aldosterone d) Calcitonin

Which enzyme defect is seen in Homocystinuria type I a. Methionine synthase b. Cystathionine beta synthase c. Cystathioninase d. None of the above

Patients treated with carbonic anhydrase inhibitor can develop: a. Metabolic acidosis b. Respiratory acidosis c. Respiratory alkalosis d. Metabolic alkalosis

HbAic reflects the mean blood glucose level over months period prior to its measurement a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 6

M band in serum protein electrophoresis is seen in which condition? a) Cirrhosis b) Chronic infections c) Multiple myeloma d) Heavy chain disease

All are involved in iron metabolism except a. Hepcidin b. Transthyreth c. Ceruloplasmin d. Ferroprotein