Kerala University of Health Sciences Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of SurgeryPathology Previous Year Question Papers

25 year old female presented with acute abdominal pain. On laparotomy the appendix was red and swollen. a) What is the most probable diagnosis b) Discuss the vascular events of the underlying pathology

Define acute inflammation. Discuss vascular changes and cellular events of acute inflammation. Write two beneficial effect of acute inflammation.

A 60-year-old male develops fatiguability, weakness, weight loss and a dragging sensation in the abdomen. Blood examination reveals a total count exceeding 100,000 cells /cu mm. O/E massive splenomegaly. (a) What is your provisional diagnosis. (b) Describe the peripheral smear and bone marrow findings. (c) Describe the pathogenesis and the further tests to be done.

Discuss aetio-pathogenesis, pathologic lesions, laboratory diagnosis and complications of Rheumatic Heart Disease

A seven-year-old boy presented to the hospital with breathlessness and severe pallor. On examination he had stunted growth, frontal bossing, mild icterus and moderate splenomegaly. History of repeated blood transfusions was present. Investigations revealed Hb- 3gm%, TLC – 5600/cu.mm, platelets – 3.0 lakhs/cu.mm. Peripheral smear showed microcytic hypochromic blood picture with marked anisopoikilocytosis, many target cells and reticulocyte count of 5%. (a) What is the likely diagnosis and why (b) What is the pathogenesis of this condition (c) What are the laboratory investigations needed in such a case to diagnose the disease and the expected results (d) How do you classify this disease based on its clinicohematological profile.

A 50-year-old nulliparous female presents with a hard lesion of the right breast that she had noticed 2 weeks ago. Clinical examination reveals puckering of the overlying skin and retraction of the nipple along with a 3 cm hard mass in the upper outer quadrant of the right breast. 3 hard masses are palpable in the right axilla. On questioning the patient reveals a weight loss of 7kg in the last 2 months. Mammogram reveals a 3.4 cm mass with irregular spiculated margins and increased density compared to the surrounding breast tissue. (a) What is your diagnosis. Justify it (b) What is the gross and histology of this lesion (c) List the major prognostic and predictive markers (d) Discuss the mode of spread of this disease

Define and classify cirrhosis. Discuss the pathology and complications of Alcoholic cirrhosis.

N-myc is a a) Signal transduction factor b) Growth factor c) Growth factor receptor d) Nuclear transcription factor

Ghon focus is associated with a) Syphilis b) Tuberculosis c) Pneumonia d) Chronic bronchitis

Define and classify myeloproliferative neoplasms. Discuss the clinical features and laboratory diagnosis of chronic myeloid leukaemia.

Define emphysema. Enumerate the types of emphysema. Describe the etiopathogenesis of any one of them.

Classify bone tumours. Discuss gross and microscopy of osteogenic sarcoma. Add a note on radiological features.

Define anemia. Classify anemias. Discuss etiopathogenesis and laboratory findings of megaloblastic anemia.

A 30-year-old female presented with history of easy fatiguability, weight loss, recurrent fever and gum bleeding. Clinical examination revealed severe pallor with hepatosplenomegaly. Blood routine examination showed Hb 8gm%, total count- 75000/mm3, platelet count 40000/mm3 a) What is your provisional diagnosis b) Mention the classification systems of the disease and enlist the types c) Describe the peripheral smear and bone marrow findings of the disease

Classify bronchogenic carcinoma. Discuss etiopathogenesis of bronchogenic carcinoma. Write the common clinical complications of bronchogenic carcinoma.

A 49-year-old lady presented with a lump in the upper outer quadrant of the left breast. It was about 3cm, firm and immobile. A mammogram done showed stippled calcifications. She underwent FNAC followed by lumpectomy. Gross examination of the specimen showed a 3x2 cm, firm, greyish mass with irregular margins a) What is the most likely diagnosis b) Explain the risk factors and histopathologic features of this condition c) What are the prognostic and predictive factors of this condition

Define Necrosis. Discuss in detail with examples the different types of necrosis. Give two differentiating points between Necrosis and Apoptosis.

Define Emphysema. What are the types of emphysema. Discuss the etiopathogenesis of this condition.

Define inflammation. Discuss cellular events of acute inflammation. Enumerate the morphological variants of acute inflammation.

Define thrombosis. Explain the pathophysiology and morphology of thrombosis. Add a note on the fate of thrombus.

Classify tumors of the testis. Discuss the etiopathogenesis and describe the gross and microscopic picture of the most common malignant tumor of the testis.

A 72year old gentleman with long standing Diabetes mellitus presented with frequent urination and dysuria since a week, followed by fever of 101.8o F. On examination, his face appeared flushed, heart rate was 102/min and BP was 88/60mm Hg. CBC showed neutrophilicleukocytosis. He was started on antibiotics, but his urine output decreased to 50ml/24h by 2nd day. a) What is your provisional diagnosis and cause of death b) Explain the pathogenesis of this condition c) Add a note in the gross and microscopic changes in the kidney in this condition

Define necrosis. Describe the different types of necrosis with examples. How does necrosis differ from apoptosis

A 42-year-old woman, who did not have a medical checkup for many years, noted the onset of post coital bleeding. On examination, she was found to have an ulcerated growth on the anterior lip of cervix. (a) What is the likely diagnosis and why. (b) How could this disease have been detected early. (c) Discuss the etiopathogenesis of this disease. (d) Describe the microscopic types of this lesion.

A 10-year-old female presented with sudden onset of hematuria and oliguria. Urine examination shows presence of RBC, casts and mild proteinuria. a) What is your probable diagnosis b) Discuss etiopathogenesis and classification of the disease c) Mention the morphological features of the target organ d) Laboratory diagnosis of the disease

A 35-year-old male presents with painless enlargement and heaviness of the right testis since 2 months. Ultrasound showed a hypoechoic and homogenous mass in the right testis (a) What are the tumor markers that will help you in the diagnosis (b) How are testicular tumors classified (c) Describe the clinical features and gross and microscopic findings of any one testicular tumor.

A 7-year-old boy presents with puffiness of eyelids, decreased urine output of 6 days duration. Clinical examination reveals generalized edema and mild hypertension. Urine examination reveals numerous RBCs and mild proteinuria. He gives a history of a sore throat 3 weeks ago. A renal biopsy is performed. (a) What is your provisional diagnosis (b) Describe the pathogenesis of this condition (c) What features do you expect to see in the renal biopsy (d) What is the outcome of this disease

Define edema. Discuss the pathophysiologic causes of edema. Describe the features of an exudate

What are the three components of acute inflammation. Describe the mechanism of intracellular destruction of bacteria.

A 60-year-old man presents to the medical OPD with complaints of easy fatiguability, bone pain and decreased urination. On examination, he has pallor. Systemic examination is normal. Hemogram shows Hb- 8gm%, TLC of 6500/mm3 and platelet count of 1,60,000/mm3. The differential leucocyte count is normal. Peripheral smear shows increase in Rouleaux formation. ESR is 110mm/first hour. Serum Creatinine of 3.8gm%. A bone marrow examination was ordered the next day. • What is the most likely possibility in such a situation • What are the findings expected in a bone marrow examination • What are the laboratory investigations you will do to arrive at a diagnosis and what are the expected results • What are the complications of this disease

A 38-year-old pregnant woman with history of multiple, closely spaced pregnancies, develops fatigue, pallor, koilonychia, alopecia, and atrophic changes of the tongue of one-month duration (a) What is your provisional diagnosis (b) Describe the peripheral smear and Bone marrow finding (c) What are the other laboratory investigations to be done for confirming the diagnosis in this patient (d) Describe the pathogenesis and complications of this condition

Define and classify leprosy. Enumerate the differences in pathology in the various types of leprosy. Mention two diagnostic tests in leprosy.

Define neoplasia. Discuss chemical carcinogenesis

A 36 years old female presented with left breast lump for the last 9 months. On examination a firm lump measuring 5x4.3 cms, in the upper outer quadrant with peau d'orange skin and nipple retraction. Axillary lymph node enlarged noted. a) What is the most probable diagnosis. b) Discuss the routes of metastasis. c) Explain the metastatic cascade.

(a) Define inflammation. (b) Describe the cellular events that take place in acute inflammation. (c) Describe the morphological patterns of acute inflammation.

A 55-year-old female with complaints of foul smelling white discharge per vagina of two-month duration, on PV examination friable small growth noted in the cervix which bleeds on touch. a) What is the provisional clinical diagnosis. b) Name two investigations to confirm the diagnosis. c) Enumerate the risk factors and aetiopathogenisis of this disease

Define shock. Classify shock. Discuss the etiopathogenesis of septic shock. Discuss the different stages of shock.

What are gestational trophoblastic diseases. Design a labelled diagram to depict the origin of these lesions. Discuss the clinical features, morphology, and complications of these conditions.

A 60-year-old male, previously diagnosed with chronic gastritis, presented with weakness, burning sensation on the tongue and numbness of the fingers. On examination he had pallor and patchy red areas on the tongue. His had a haemoglobin of 8gm/dl and MCV of 110fl. a) What is the most likely diagnosis b) What is the etiopathogenesis of this condition c) What are the other laboratory findings seen with this diagnosis

Translocation seen in Burkitt’s lymphoma is a) t(8:14) b) t(9:22) c) t(14:18) d) t(15:17)

Risk factor associated with transitional cell carcinoma of urinary bladder is a) NSAID use b) Chronic smoking c) Chronic Alcoholism d) Urinary tract infections

A 62-year-old cachectic postmenopausal female presented to the Gynaecology clinic with a history of bleeding per vagina. Per speculum examination showed an ulcero- proliferative growth involving the cervix which bleeds on touch along with foul smelling vaginal discharge. a) What is the most probable diagnosis. b) Discuss the aetiopathogenesis of this condition. c) Briefly describe the methods of screening for this lesion.

60 years old male having fever, weight loss presented with painless hematuria, flank pain, palpable mass left renal angle. C.T. scan confirmed a specific organ mass lesion. Regional lymph nodes and renal vein involvement. Chest radiography shows cannon ball secondaries. Answer the following • What is provisional diagnosis • Discuss the etiopathogenesis • Describe the morphology • Mention the various para neoplastic syndromes produced by this lesion

A 50 year old farmer presented with easy fatiguability. On examination- Pallor++, Koilonychia was seen. Stool examination showed ova of ankylostoma duodenale. a) What is the most probable diagnosis b) Discuss the etiopathogenesis of this condition c) Enumerate the laboratory findings of the same

A 10 year old boy presented with oliguria, hematuria and hypertension. He gave a past history of sore throat two weeks back. a) What is the most probable diagnosis b) Discuss the etiopathogenesis of this condition c) Add a note on urinary findings

Write the Cellular events of acute inflammation

A 70-year-old woman admitted with worsening anemia and pathological fracture of the Humerus, had an ESR of 120mm in 1 hour. Her peripheral smear showed increased rouleaux formation. X-ray of skull showed multiple punched out osteolytic lesions. a) What is the most probable diagnosis. b) Write briefly on the etiopathogenesis of this disease. c) Enumerate the common laboratory investigations for this disease.

Explain the etiopathogenesis, clinical features, morphologic features and complications of Rheumatic heart disease

A person after 20 minutes of vaccine administration develops generalized pruritus, difficulty in breathing, hypotension and vomiting. a) What is the most probable diagnosis of this patient. b) Describe the pathogenesis of this condition.

A 55-year-old lady presented with progressive fatigue and tiredness for last one month. She also complained of tingling and numbness in the lower limbs. On examination she had pallor and her tongue had a glossy appearance. • What is your diagnosis • What is the cause for neurological symptoms in this condition • What are the peripheral smear and bone marrow findings in this condition

18 year old male was brought to the emergency in an unconscious state following a road traffic accident. On examination, the pulse was weak, and skin cold clammy. Blood pressure 90/50 mm of Hg. X-ray of the leg revealed a fracture of the shaft of right femur . a) What is the most probable diagnosis b) Discuss the pathogenesis of this condition

A 60- year old male presented with history of fever, cough and weight loss since two months. Chest X-ray showed cavitary lesion in the right apical lobe and ESR 120 mm / hr. Answer the following. • What is the provisional diagnosis. • Discuss etiopathogenesis and morphology of the same. • Mention the laboratory investigations.

A two years old female child presented with pallor, growth retardation and history of repeated transfusions. There was malocclusion of jaws with skull X ray showing “hair on end appearance” and hepatosplenomegaly. Answer the following • What is your diagnosis • What is the etiopathogenesis of this condition • What are the peripheral smear findings • What are the bone marrow findings

A 45-year-old lady with menorrhagia for 5-6 months presented with fatigue and loss of appetite. Lab investigations showed Hb - 9gm% and peripheral smear showed small RBCs with enhanced central pallor a) What is the likely diagnosis b) What lab investigations would confirm your diagnosis c) Describe the peripheral smear findings with a labelled diagram d) List other causes that can lead to this condition

A forty-year-old man presented with history of persistent cough and evening rise of temperature over a period of 3 months, with associated loss of appetite and significant loss of weight. Examination revealed matted cervical lymph nodes. A chest X ray done showed cavitation in the apex of the upper lobe of the lung. a) What is your diagnosis b) Describe in detail the etiopathogenesis of this disease. c) Describe the characteristic microscopic features associated with this condition. d) What investigations will help to confirm the diagnosis

Discuss the etiopathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. What are the possible complications that may arise due to the presence of these plaques in different arteries. Draw a labelled diagram depicting the histological appearance of the same.

Define and classify cirrhosis of liver. Discuss pathogenesis, histopathology and complications of alcoholic cirrhosis

Discuss Hepatitis B infection under the following headings:- (a) Clinical features (b) Gross and microscopic changes in liver (c) Complications

(a) Define pneumonia (b) Describe the types, stages, morphology and complications of lobar pneumonia.

A 26 years old female presented with complains of fever and joint pains for last six months. She also gives history of development of skin rashes on exposure to the sunlight. On examination the clinician found a butterfly rash over the face and oral ulcers. Serologic investigations were performed for diagnosis. • What is the diagnosis of this patient • Describe the etiopathogenesis of this disorder • Name any two renal lesions in this disease

A man aged 40 presented to the Medicine clinic with a history of persistent cough with evening rise of temperature over a period of 4 months, with associated loss of appetite and a reduction in weight. Examination revealed matted cervical lymph nodes. An x ray chest done showed a small radiopaque focus in the apex of the upper lobe of right lung. • What is your provisional diagnosis • Describe in detail the pathogenesis of this disease. • Describe the complications associated with this lesion

(a) Define neoplasia. (b) Enumerate the four classes of normal regulatory genes, with one example each, that are the principal targets of genetic damage leading to carcinogenesis. (c) Write a note on how viruses are implicated in carcinogenesis with examples. (d) Tabulate the salient differences between benign and malignant tumors.

(a) Discuss the primary abnormalities that lead to thrombosis (Virchows triad) (b) Describe the morphology of a thrombus. (c) What is the fate of a thrombus.

A 25 years old male drug abuser came to the hospital with generalized lymphadenopathy, chronic diarrhea, loss of weight and mucosal candidiasis. There is a fall in CD4 cell count. Answer the following: • What is your diagnosis • What is the pathogenesis of this condition • Discuss the pathology of the organs involved • List four investigations to be done

Define embolism. Enumerate the types with examples

Cardiac edema

Pathogenesis and lab diagnosis of Disseminated intravascular coagulation.

FAB classification of Acute Leukemia.

Pictorially describe the extrinsic and intrinsic pathway of coagulation. Mention the tests used in their assessment with their normal ranges.

Types and pathogenesis of myocardial infarction

Pathogenesis and complications of Bronchiectasis.

The typical karyotype of Turner syndrome is a) 45, XO b) 46, XY c) 47, XXY d) 47, XYY

Hyperplastic arteriosclerosis and fibrinoid necrosis are associated with a) Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis b) Analgesic abuse c) Malignant hypertension d) Diabetes mellitus

Nephrolithiasis

Leukemoid reaction

Etiopathogenesis of myocardial infarction

Intestinal polyps: classification and syndromes

Role of Arachidonic Metabolites in inflammation.

Wound healing by primary intention

Outline the differences between benign and malignant tumors.

Bone marrow findings in megaloblastic anemia

Role of complement system in inflammation

Pathways of Metastasis and their mechanisms.

Risk factors and classification of endometrial carcinoma

Vegetation’s of the heart

Describe the autopsy findings in lungs and heart in a 40-year-old male with longstanding rheumatic heart disease with mitral stenosis

Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis

Factors influencing development of an infarct

Name the different types of giant cells. How does a foreign body giant cell differ from tumor giant cell

Fatty change – causes and pathology

Clinicopathological classification of tuberculosis.

Crescentic glomerulo nephritis.

What are the types of Leukemoid reaction. Discuss the causes.

Differences between Crohn disease and Ulcerative colitis

Lipofuscin deposition is most likely due to a) Autophagocytosis b) Necroptosis c) Pyroptosis d) Apoptosis

Hemorrhagic pericardial effusion is seen in a) Infective endocarditis b) Metastatic carcinoma c) Acute myocarcial infection d) Rheumatic heart fever

Lab investigations in Myocardial infarction

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

Laboratory Findings in Chronic myeloid leukemia

Etiopathogenesis of cervical carcinoma.

Klienfilter syndrome

Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic purpura.

Pyelonephritis

Renal changes in diabetes mellitus.

Define necrosis. Discuss coagulative necrosis with examples

Chemical mediators of acute inflammation.

Malignant tumors of bone

Oncogenic DNA viruses

Healing by primary intention.

Define bronchiectasis. Add a note on its etiopathogenesis, morphological features and complications.

Classify Hodgkin Lymphoma. Describe the morphological features and immunohistochemical profile of Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma

Gross and microscopic features of myocardial infarction

Steps involved in phagocytosis with help of a diagram

Routes of metastasis with examples

Apoptosis in pathologic conditions

Metastatic cascade

Types of calcification

Discuss factors affecting wound healing

Free radical injury.

Lab diagnosis and Pathogenesis of β thalassemia major.

Gross and Microscopic picture of seminoma testis

Discuss the different causes of cell injury with examples.

Causes and morphology of acute and chronic gastric ulcers

Prognostic factors of carcinoma breast

The action of putrefactive bacteria in necrosed tissue results in a) Coagulative Necrosis b) Infarction c) Wet Gangrene d) Caseation

Krukenberg tumour of the ovary is an example of a) Hematogenous spread b) Lymphatic spread c) Transceloemic spread d) Perineural spread

Phaeochromocytoma

Morphology of hepatocellular carcinoma

Etiopathogenesis of myocardial infarction. Add a note on the types of myocardial infarction

Morphology of Lobar pnuemonia

Primary tuberculosis – morphology and pathogenesis

Ridley and Jopling Classification of leprosy.

Radiologic features and morphology of osteosarcoma.

Discuss differences between benign and malignant neoplasms

Define and classify necrosis. Describe morphology of coagulative necrosis.

Inflammatory bowel disease

Fat embolism.

A 45-year-old male presents with a swelling over the right knee joint of three months duration. X-Ray reveals an expansile lytic lesion, predominantly in the epiphyseal region of right lower femur without any cortical breach. What is the likely diagnosis and why Describe the radiological, gross and microscopic findings in this condition.

Discuss the etiopathogenesis of carcinoma colon with a note on the adenoma- carcinoma sequence

Obstructive uropathy

Role of RB gene in tumor suppression

Morphologic features of apoptosis

Biologic mechanism of Type II hypersensitivity reaction. Give examples of four diseases with type II hypersensitivity as the mechanism of pathologic injury

Chemical carcinogenesis

Pathogenesis of amyloidosis

Enumerate Four common causes of Hematuria. What is the principle of the chemical test used to detect the same Answer briefly:

Write one special stain each for demonstration of fat, glycogen, calcium and iron

Microbial carcinogenesis.

Pneumoconiosis – Definition and common types.

List the components of Virchow’s triad. Describe how each of the components leads to thrombosis with suitable examples

CSF findings in acute bacterial, tuberculous and viral meningitis

Risk factors of atherosclerosis

Which of the following are antioxidants 1) Catalase 2) Myeloperoxidase 3) Glutathione peroxidase 4) Superoxide dismutase a) 1, 2, 3 b) 2, 3, 4 c) 3, 4, 1 d) 1, 2, 4

Which of the following are causes of hypercalcemia 1) Vitamin D intoxication 2) Acute pancreatitis 3) Sarcoidosis 4) Hyperparathyroidism a) 1, 2, 3 b) 2, 3, 4 c) 3, 4,1 d) 1, 2, 4

Cryptorchidism

Ovarian stromal tumors

Etiopathogenesis of peptic ulcer

Etiopathogenesis of Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

Staining characteristics of amyloid

Etiopathogenesis of bronchiectasis

Emphysema

Morphology of ulcerative colitis.

Hypersensitivity reactions

Types of aneurysms

Complications of blood transfusion

Leukocyte recruitment to sites of inflammation.

Gross and microscopic changes in kidney in a long standing case of Diabetes Mellitus.

Lobar pneumonia

Explain the molecular basis of classification and prognostic features of Carcinoma breast.

Benign gestational trophoblastic diseases

Morphologic features of chronic inflammation

Lepromatous leprosy

Laboratory diagnosis of megaloblastic anaemia

Immune Thrombocytopenia Purpura

Down syndrome

Pathogenesis of HIV infection and AIDS.

Laboratory diagnosis of Hepatitis.

Define granulomatous inflammation. Describe the pathogenesis and morphological features of any one type of granuloma

Changes in serum markers and liver histology in Hepatitis B infection

Renal lesions in Diabetes Mellitus

Examples for hypertrophy includes 1) Body builders 2) Myometrium of pregnant uterus 3) Fibroadenoma 4) Left ventricle in Hypertension a) 1, 2, 3 b) 2, 3, 4 c) 3, 4, 1 d) 1, 2, 4

Features of Cushings syndrome includes 1) Moon face 2) Impaired GTT 3) Thinning of the skin 4) Hypopigmentation a) 1, 2, 3 b) 2, 3, 4 c) 3, 4, 1 d) 1, 2, 4

Ghon’s complex

Pathogenesis of Grave’s disease

Sequestrum

Define Metastasis, Enumerate the routes of metastasis and explain the mechanisms

Write two characteristic differences between Myeloblasts and Lymphoblasts.

CSF in tuberculous meningitis.

Hypersplenism.

Fate of thrombus

Factors influencing wound healing

Packed cell volume

Immune thrombocytopaenic purpura

Staining properties of Amyloid.

Discuss the types of ulcers in intestine (large and small intestine).

Trophoblastic tumors

Describe the genetic basis, radiological findings and morphology of Ewing Sarcoma

Prognostic and predictive factors for breast carcinoma

Cytokines involved in acute inflammation

Morphology of spleen in amyloidosis

Define edema and describe the various pathogenetic mechanisms involved in different clinical situations associated with edema.

Chemotaxis

Giant cells

Tuberculous granuloma

Tertiary Syphilis.

Differences in CSF in pyogenic and tuberculous meningitis.

Gross and microscopic features of Phaeochromocytoma.

Define amyloid. Name the stains used for demonstration of amyloid.

Aortic dissection

Reed – Sternberg cells

T cell mediated disease includes 1) Rheumatoid arthritis 2) Psoriasis 3) Multiple sclerosis 4) Polyarteritis nodosa a) 1, 2, 3 b) 2, 3, 4 c) 3, 4, 1 d) 1, 2, 4

Squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus is associated with 1) H. pylori infection 2) Chronic alcoholism 3) Tobacco usage 4) Plummer vinson syndrome a) 1, 2, 3 b) 2, 3, 4 c) 3, 4,1 d) 1, 2 ,4

Gross and microscopy of papillary carcinoma thyroid

Premalignant lesions of penis

Classify surface epithelial tumours of ovary

Classify Hodgkins lymphoma

ESR

Classify germ cell tumors of ovary

Complications of gallstones

Polycystic kidney disease.

What is a granuloma. Give Two causes of granuloma

Urinary casts

Morphologic features in Trisomy 21

Features of Down syndrome.

Discuss the gross and microscopic appearance (with a diagram) of hydatidiform mole.

Differentiate between ulcerative colitis and crohn’s disease

Write a short note on Hashimoto thyroiditis

Dysgerminoma ovary

AIDS defining opportunistic infections

Turner syndrome

Air embolism

Pathology of Nutmeg liver

Morphological changes in apoptosis.

Microscopic picture of amoebic dysentery colon.

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP).

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies

Microscopic features of papillary carcinoma thyroid

Classical Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes are 1) Nodular lymphocyte predominant 2) Mixed cellularity 3) Nodular sclerosis 4) Lymphocyte depleted a) 1, 2, 3 b) 2, 3, 4 c) 3, 4, 1 d) 1, 2, 4

Risk factors of colorectal adenocarcinoma includes 1) Familial adenomatous polyp 2) Obesity 3) Low fiber diet 4) Intestinal amoebiasis a) 1, 2, 3 b) 2, 3, 4 c) 3, 4, 1 d) 1, 2, 4

Meningioma

Microscopic picture of malignant melanoma

What is thrombocytopenia. Enumerate Four common causes of thrombocytopenia

Morphology of Seminoma testis

Exfoliative cytology

Blood picture in megaloblastic Anemia.

Microscopy of dysgerminoma of ovary

Turner syndrome – aetiology and manifestations.

Medullary Carcinoma thyroid.

Proteinuria – causes and two tests for detection

Scurvy

Gall stones

List FOUR tumor markers and their associated malignancies

CSF findings in viral meningitis.

Discuss the etiopathogenesis and morphology of multinodular goitre.

Explain the macroscopic and microscopic changes seen in alcoholic cirrhosis with a labeled diagram

Emphysema – aetiopathogenesis and classification

Klinefelter syndrome

Laboratory diagnosis of acute promyelocytic leukemia.

Factors affecting Erythrocyte Sedimentation rate

Rhinosporidiosis

Define shock. What are the stages

Type-I hyper sensitivity reaction.

Hemophilia B.

Type 1 Hypersensitivity reaction

Left sided heart failure

Gouty tophi

Clinical features of cystic fibrosis includes 1) Sinusitis 2) Bronchial asthma 3) Cirrhosis 4) Meconium ileus a) 1, 2, 3 b) 2, 3, 4 c) 3, 4, 1 d) 1, 2, 4

Syndromes associated with Wilms tumour are 1) WAGR 2) Gardner 3) Denys Drash 4) Beckwith Wiedemann a) 1, 2, 3 b) 2, 3, 4 c) 3, 4, 1 d) 1, 2, 4

Microscopy of alcoholic liver disease

Pleomorphic adenoma

What is a reticulocyte. Enumerate Two causes of reticulocytosis

Laboratory findings in myocardial infarction

Apoptosis

Four Causes of Cirrhosis of Liver

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Crystals in urine

Pap smear.

Define Metaplasia with two examples

Anticoagulants used to preserve blood in blood bank. Answer in single sentence: (4x½=2)

Diabetic nephropathy

Aetiopathogenesis of carcinoma colon.

Phyllodes tumor

Discuss the etiopathogenesis and urinary findings in poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

Basal cell carcinoma of the skin

Name four paraneoplastic syndromes with an example each for the underlying neoplasm causing it

Differential diagnosis of pancytopenia.

What is Metaplasia

Name an abnormal protein in urine

Properties of amyloid.

What is endometriosis

Leucoerythroblastic blood picture – definition and causes

Morphological features of papillary carcinoma thyroid

Name two germ cell tumors

(A): More than 70% of human cancers have a defect in p53 gene (R): p53 plays a central role in maintaining the integrity of the genome a) Both A & R are correct and R is the reason for A b) Both A & R are correct but R is not reason for A c) A is correct R is incorrect d) A is incorrect R is correct

(A) Leukoplakia and Erythroplakia are mucosal plaques that may undergo malignant transformation. (R) The risk of malignant transformation is greater in leukoplakia than in erythroplakia. a) Both A & R are correct and R is the reason for A b) Both A & R are correct but R is not reason for A c) A is correct R is incorrect d) A is incorrect R is correct

Subtypes of Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Histology of Barrett’s esophagus

.…………… bodies are commonly seen in alcoholic cirrhosis

…………… emphysema is seen in cystic fibrosis

Types of embolism

What is Reed Sternberg Cell

List four salivary gland neoplasms

Two uses of buffy coat.

Types of gall stones.

…………… is the commonest stain used to identify amyloidosis

List two tumors caused by Epstein-Barr-virus.

Mention two premalignant lesions of skin

Peripheral blood picture in acute myeloid leukemia

Describe the gross appearance of Chronic venous congestion liver.

Discuss the morphological appearance of Primary pulmonary tuberculosis.

Describe the types and grading of astrocytoma

Morphology of Hashimoto thyroiditis

Philadelphia chromosome

Define metaplasia

Various adverse reactions of blood transfusion.

Aetiopathogenesis of Burkitt’s lymphoma and its morphology

Mention two urine tests for uncontrolled diabetes

Enumerate Components of Virchow’s triad

Examples for Romanowsky stain

Angiogenesis in tissue repair

What is Flexner – Wintersteiner Rosette

Discuss chemical carcinogenesis with examples

Polyps of intestine

Types of renal calculi

(A): Type-1 hypersensitivity reaction causes laryngeal edema (R): Histamine causes increased vascular permeability and pain a) Both A & R are correct and R is the reason for A b) Both A & R are correct but R is not reason for A c) A is correct R is incorrect d) A is incorrect R is correct

(A) Hepatocytes show PASD positive cytoplasmic globular inclusions in Alpha -1 -Antitrypsin deficiency. (R) Alpha-1-Antitrypsin deficiency is caused by mutations that lead to misfolding of Alpha -1-Antitrypsin a) Both A & R are correct and R is the reason for A b) Both A & R are correct but R is not reason for A c) A is correct R is incorrect d) A is incorrect R is correct

Two causes for nephrotic syndrome

Aschoff nodule

…………… is the commonest salivary gland tumour

Orphan Annie Eye nucleus is seen in ………………

Dysplasia

Name two microscopic subtypes of renal cell carcinoma

Microscopy of basal cell carcinoma of skin

What is Virchow’s triad.

Complications of cirrhosis.

Characteristic microscopic finding in Chronic venous congestion Spleen is …………

Mention four inherited disorders.

Barret esophagitis

CSF findings in pyogenic meningitis

Name two tumours seen mainly in infancy and childhood.

Etiology and types of gall stones

Diagnostic IHC makers of any four tumors

Define nephrotic syndrome. Describe the gross and microscopic changes in kidney in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Radiologic and morphological features of osteogenic sarcoma

Osmotic fragility test

Fate of a thrombus

Nephrotic range proteinuria – Definition and common causes

Types of hypersensitivity reaction

List two lysosomal disorders

------------------is caused by deficiency of vitamin C

Name two conditions in which ESR is more than 100 mm in 1^st hr

Name one cause for increase in hydrostatic pressure leading to edema.

What is atypical pneumonia

Type of necrosis seen in myocardial infarction is ______________.

Name the coal induced pulmonary lesion seen in coal miners and urban dwellers

Mallory body

(A): Dengue hemorrhagic fever causes thrombocytopenia (R): Increase in immune destruction of platelets a) Both A & R are correct and R is the reason for A b) Both A & R are correct but R is not reason for A c) A is correct R is incorrect d) A is incorrect R is correct

(A) Migratory thrombophlebitis occurs in 10% of pancreatic carcinomas (R) Pancreatic carcinomas are associated with platelet aggregating factors, anticoagulants and necrotic products. a) Both A & R are correct and R is the reason for A b) Both A & R are correct but R is not reason for A c) A is correct R is incorrect d) A is incorrect R is correct

Describe the cardiac vegetations in infective endocarditis

Causes of L.V.F.

Aschoff body is seen in ……………… disease

Pyogenic meningitis causes decrease in ……………on Cerebrospinal fluid analysis.

RBC indices

Psammoma bodies are ………………..

Gastrin secreting tumors of stomach cause ------------------ syndrome

Sodium metabisulphite test is done to demonstrate what.

Adenomyosis.

Rickets is caused by deficiency of ……………

Special stains for amyloid.

Define early gastric cancer

Write the chromosomal abnormality in Chronic myeloid leukemia

Name two opportunistic infections in AIDS.

Why do smokers develop emphysema.

--------------- mutation commonly seen in Renal cell carcinoma

What is meant by Ghon focus.

Name the carcinoma that arises in the background of Barret esophagus

Name four type III hypersensitivity reactions

Name the type of necrosis seen in infarcts.

Name the type of cell death that is induced by a tightly regulated cell suicide program.

Mention two leukocyte adhesion molecules

Define necrosis

What is Sago Spleen.

Name a condition where "nutmeg liver pattern" is seen.

Mention two common complications of sickle cell anemia

Stain used to demonstrate myeloblasts in acute leukemia is __________________.

Name the inclusions seen in giant cells in sarcoidosis

Sites of ectopic pregnancy

(A): IL-4 and IL-13 causes activation of M2 macrophages (R): M2 macrophages are not microbicidal a) Both A & R are correct and R is the reason for A b) Both A & R are correct but R is not reason for A c) A is correct R is incorrect d) A is incorrect R is correct

(A) Intravesical administration of BCG (Bacillus Calmette Geurin) is a treatment for bladder carcinoma (R) BCG elicits granulomatous inflammation and local anti tumour immune response. a) Both A & R are correct and R is the reason for A b) Both A & R are correct but R is not reason for A c) A is correct R is incorrect d) A is incorrect R is correct

Mention the types of emphysema in chronic smokers

Rodent ulcer

Auer rods are seen in …………………

Eosinophilic laminated concretions called ……………… are seen in nodular hyperplasia of prostate

Normal specific gravity of urine

Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses are seen in ……………….

The antigen which appears before onset of symptoms in Hepatitis B is ----------

Two opportunistic infections in AIDS

Reed -Sternberg cell.

Give Two indications for Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC)

List two indications for bone-marrow aspiration study.

Pagets disease of nipple

Name the condition associated with Bence-Jones proteinuria

Name an oncogenic virus and the tumour caused by it.

What is MEN 1 syndrome.

Two antibodies seen in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

What is Peutz Jegher’s polyp.

What is the stain for H. pylori

Define hypertrophy

Proto oncogene

Name a stain to demonstrate fungi in tissue.

Name the type of calcification that occurs in areas of necrosis

Types of infarcts

Name the condition of Male hypogonadism that occurs when there are two or more X chromosomes and one or more Y chromosomes.

Autoantibody in Sjogren’s disease is _______________________

Name the types of carcinoma lung

(A): Rotheras test detects proteins in urine (R): Nephrotic syndrome causes massive proteinuria a) Both A & R are correct and R is the reason for A b) Both A & R are correct but R is not reason for A c) A is correct R is incorrect d) A is incorrect R is correct

(A) Osteoarthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease of autoimmune origin. (R) It is an intrinsic disorder of cartilage in response to mechanical and biochemical stress and failure of its repair a) Both A & R are correct and R is the reason for A b) Both A & R are correct but R is not reason for A c) A is correct R is incorrect d) A is incorrect R is correct

Two indications of bone marrow aspiration

Name the testicular tumor not associated with GCNIS

Name ONE special stain for fat

Name two bullous lesions in the skin.

Two tumors caused by H. Pylori

Name two causes of fatty liver.

What is the appearance of hepatocytes in hepatitis B infection

What is Direct Coomb’s test.

When there is a local or systemic excess of iron, ferritin forms --------------------------

Name the tumor marker produced by hepatocellular carcinoma and yolk sac tumors.

The fixative used for cervical cytology smear is ______________________

Name the IHC marker done in oral/oropharyngeal cancer

A 45 years old male presented to emergency department with difficulty in breathing, swelling of face, swollen lips, watering eyes and nose. He gave history of bee sting few minutes back.

A 53-year-old man has experienced severe chest pain for the past 6 hours. On physical examination he is afebrile, but has tachycardia. Laboratory studies show a serum troponin I of 10 ng/mL. A coronary angiogram is performed emergently and reveals >90% occlusion of the anterior interventricular (left anterior descending) artery.

Name two parasites seen in peripheral smear

Name one immunohistochemical marker for melanoma

Name ONE cancer that commonly spreads by hemotagenous route

Name two bullous disease of the skin

What is meant by involucrum.

Name the mode of inheritance of Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease

The fixative used for surgical biopsy specimen is ______________________

The cell adhesion molecule involved in transmigration is --------------------

Name an extra cellular parasite that is found in the blood stream.

What is the cytogenetic abnormality seen in Burkitt Lymphoma.

What is Linitis Plastica

A 35 year old male complains of fever, fatigue for the past 15 days. He had bleeding gums for the past 3 days. He had severe bone pains also. His total white blood cell count was 1,23,000 cells/c.mm with myeloblasts of 69%. a) What is your provisional diagnosis. b) Describe the peripheral smear and bone marrow findings. c) What other investigations are to be done for classifying the disease and assessing the prognosis of the patient.

A 65 year old male complains of dyspepsia, nausea, weightloss and loss of appetite since 6 months. Clinical examination reveals a mass palpable in the epigastric region. Endoscopy shows a proliferative growth near the stomach near the lesser curvature a) What is the probable diagnosis. b) Describe the aetiopathogenesis of the lesion. c) Classify and describe the morphology of the disease. d) Enumerate the usual sites of metastasis of this lesion.

Methods of PCV estimation

Name the childhood tumor that occurs exclusively in the cerebellum

Name any ONE hemoparasite

What is the genetic basis of Wilms tumor.

Negri bodies seen in -------------

What is the genetic basis of Retinoblastoma

Name the types of gall bladder calculi

What is the cytogenetic abnormality seen in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia

Name an x linked recessive disorder.

The anticoagulant of choice for packed cell volume estimation is …………..

What is LE cell

Name the ovarian tumor that secretes estrogen

Define Apoptosis. Give examples of physiologic and pathologic conditions associated with Apoptosis. Write in detail about mechanisms of Apoptosis.

Describe in detail the etiopathogenesis, clinical features, morphology and complications of Atherosclerosis.

Confirmatory test for hereditary spherocytosis

---------- crystals are deposited in Gout

Hypersegmented neutrophils are seen in --------------- anemia

Ferruginous bodies are seen in ______________________

MEN 1 syndrome components

Orphan Annie nucleus is a feature of ______________________

Name two neoplasms of the adrenal gland

Low and fixed specific gravity of urine is seen in __________________

What is the most common RBC defect in Hereditary Spherocytosis.

Name the blood group that lacks A, B and H antigens.

Name two oncogenic viruses and the malignancy they cause

Name three types of gall stones

Cytokines in inflammation.

Risk factors and prognostic factors of carcinoma breast.

Two causes for thrombocytopenia

Skip lesions and deep fissured in colon are a feature of ----------

----------- necrosis is seen in Tuberculosis

Starry sky appearance in Burkitt Lymphoma is due _______________

Medullary carcinoma is derived from ------- cells of the thyroid

Name two causes of flea bitten kidney

Name the common molecular abnormality in carcinoma colon

Name two opportunistic viral infection seen in AIDS.

What is hemophilia A due to.

Name the most common complication of wound healing.

What is Barr body.

Name the histological features in post infectious glomerulonephritis

Types of Emphysema

Name two opportunistic infections seen in HIV

Name one EBV- associated malignancy

Name the type of cells that replicate continuously

Cyclin D1 amplification is a feature of which lymphoma.

Prognostic markers of breast carcinoma

What is meant by Krukenberg tumor.

Name the grading system for prostatic carcinoma

The genetic defect in Gaucher disease is _______________________

The type of collagen in basement membrane is ---------------------

Two causes for megaloblastic anemia.

Name two anticoagulant and their use

Name the most common forms of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease

CSF findings in different types of meningitis

Germ cell tumors of testis.

Type I hypersensitivity reaction mediated by ------------------- antibody

Name the antibody seen in Goodpasture syndrome

Heart failure cells are seen in ----------------

Amyloid deposits are seen in which thyroid neoplasm.

Two types of carcinoma lung

What is Ki 67.

Name the condition associated with mature thyroid tissue in a benign cystic teratoma of the ovary

Name two common causes for thrombocytopenia.

Name an intracellular parasite found in the blood

Name a diagnostic test in urine in multiple myeloma.

What is the difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia

Name the tumors associated with psammoma bodies

Classification of intestinal polyps

Two diagnostic methods in molecular genetics

Name the lung disease associated with cotton dust

Deficiency of dietary niacin leads to -------------

What is Aschoff body. In which condition do you see.

Two types of gallbladder stones

Name the condition in which Gamna Gandy bodies are seen.

What is Barrett esophagus.

Name the blood group with phenotype lacking H antigen on the red cell membrane and anti-H in the plasma

Haemophilia A

Hashimotos thyroiditis – Aetiopathogenesis and morphology.

Explain the pathogenesis of septic shock.

Osteogenic sarcoma – Aetiopathogenesis and morphology.

Define and classify Embolism.

Retinoblastoma.

Lab diagnosis of Megaloblastic anaemia.

Hydatidiform mole.

Informed consent.

Pathology of Hodgkin lymphoma

Rickets – Aetiopathogenesis and manifestations.

Write briefly on the barriers to implementation of health as a universal right.

Transfusion reactions

Renal calculi – morphology and complications