Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of SurgeryPhysiology Previous Year Question Papers

Draw and explain Jugular Venous Pulse

Mention the physiological basis of increased ventilation perfusion ratio in apex of lung

Children suffering from Cretinism have short stature and mental retardation .why?

List the functions of white blood corpuscles

What is ejection fraction? Mention its clinical significance

Explain the physiological significance of muscle spindle

List the functions of sertoli cells

Polycythemia vera.

Heat rigor

List the important tests for the assessment of thyroid function

Tabulate the differences between first and second heart sounds

Functions of progesterone

Explain Reynold’s number and its significance.

Enumerate the cause and features of hemophilia

List the difference between first and second heart sounds

Classify anaemia on the basis of morphology with examples

List the differences between alpha and beta EEG waves. Add a note on alpha block.

Explain the effect of sympathetic stimulation on pacemaker potential with the help of a diagram

Explain the significance of Timed Vital Capacity

Explain the clinical features that occur below the level of lesion in Brown – Sequard syndrome

Draw a neat labelled diagram of a Sarcomere

Explain the mechanism of action of steroid hormones

Explain role of Plasmin in Fibrinolysis and its clinical significance.

Explain Gonadal and sexual differentiation of foetus into male.

What is a motor unit and write about recruitment of motor unit

Define Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR). what is the clinical significance of ESR?

Ionic basis of resting membrane potential

Clinical features of cretinism

Define Landsteiner’s law

Oxytocin

Renshaw cell inhibition

Why intrapleural pressure is negative? Write its normal range.

List the functions of placental hormones

What is ejection fraction? Write its significance

Enumerate the blood picture in vit B12 and iron deficiency anemia

Blood Brain Barrier

Mention the causes for the waves of Jugular venous pulse

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate.

Chloride shift.

Acupuncture reduces pain. What is the physiological basis?

What is oxygen debt?

Explain the physiological basis of anaemia in kidney disease

Uniport, Symport and Antiport

What are the normal waves of EEG? What is alpha block?

List the functions of luteinizing hormones

Graphically represent the hormonal changes in a normal menstrual cycle

Explain parturition reflex

Effect of storage of blood on red blood corpuscles.

Rigor mortis

Explain Wallerian degeneration

What is phantom limb.

What is dark adaptation and light adaptation?

Law of gut

Describe the physiological significance of Ventilation perfusion ratio.

Reabsorption of water in kidney

What is cross matching? What are its types

Draw a neat labelled diagram of ECG.

Source and actions of i) Relaxin ii) Inhibin.

Name the neuroglia. Mention their functions.

What is Achalasia cardia?

Explain compound action potential

Explain the role of surfactant in lung mechanics

Explain the mechanism of fat absorption in small intestine

Myasthenia Gravis.

Mention any three functions of thyroxine.

List different layers of respiratory membrane

Gastrin.

Facilitated diffusion

Draw a labelled diagram showing the origin, course and termination of corticospinal pathway

Enumerate the steps occurring during the pharyngeal phase of deglutition

List the functions of saliva

Rh incompatibility.

Functions of ADH. Add a note on diabetes insipidus

What is Papez circuit?

What is Aphasia? List the types of aphasia

Mention any two neuro muscular blocking drugs and their mechanism of action

Draw the diagram of conductive system of the heart.

What is Aphasia and write the types

Differences between spasticity and rigidity

Draw a neat labelled diagram of organ of corti

Four functions of reticular activating system

LH Surge

Functional residual capacity

Describe cutaneous vascular Triple response.

Triple response

What is Cushing’s reflex

Physiological basis of female oral contraceptives

Types of T lymphocytes

Functions of parathormone.

Sarcomere

State the features of stagnant hypoxia

Explain synaptic inhibition

Explain the absorption of fat in the small intestine

Explain facilitated diffusion

Menopause

What is saltatory conduction? What is its importance?

Explain the basis of using phototherapy for physiological jaundice

Define and classify hypoxia.

Sino atrial node.

Enumerate the functions of middle ear.

Depict the extrinsic pathway of coagulation in the form of a flow chart

Explain the genesis of resting membrane potential

What is Timed Vital capacity? Give its significance.

What is motor unit? Give its physiological importance.

What is the basis of sex differentiation in a fetus?

List the responses of body to hot environment

What is Aphasia? Discuss different types of aphasias

List out the changes in ECG that occur with myocardial ischemia.

Types of waves in Electroencephalography.

Physiological basis of pregnancy test

List the features of decerebrate rigidity

Functions of prefrontal lobe

Mention the site and uses of lumbar puncture.

Indications for blood transfusion

What are Gap junctions? Give example of their functional significance.

Vasomotor center

What is Triple response

Features of brain death

Explain mechanism of secretion of hydrochloric acid in stomach

Prefrontal lobe

Enlist the actions of Secretin

Define transport maximum for glucose and give normal value

What is major and minor cross matching?

Write any three functions of testosterone.

Explain the basis of megaloblastic anemia seen after gastrectomy

Draw a labelled diagram of ECG.

Explain the basis of phenomenon of phantom limb in amputated individuals

Explain the causes of first and second heart sounds

Explain type I hypersensitivity reaction

Pacemaker potential

Olfactory pathway and its disorders

Explain fetoplacental unit

Trace the taste pathway

Explain the patho physiology of fever

Role of lymphatic system.

Write features of Acromegaly.

Neuroglia

Explain reflex arc with the help of a diagram

Conductive deafness.

List the compensatory changes that occur on exposure to high temperature.

Hypotension.

What are functions of bile salts?

What is Bohr effect

Draw a neat labelled diagram of reflex arc

List the functions of platelets

Functions of Aldosterone

All or none law.

What is the physiological importance of mitochondria

Explain the pharyngeal stage of deglutition

Hypothermia

What are Somatomedins? What are its actions?

Enumerate the function of platelets

Hormones secreted by the kidney

Peptic ulcer.

Explain the double Bohr effect across placenta?

Mention the type of hypoxia seen in cyanide poisoning and explain the basis of treatment

Explain the physiological basis of lactose intolerance

Mention any three renal function tests.

What is deafness? Mention its types

Explain summation in synapse

Explain the physiological basis of polyphagia in diabetes mellitus

Explain the types of deafness

List functions of bile salts.

List functions of the prostate gland.

Otolith organ

Draw a neat labelled diagram of taste buds. Name the primary taste sensations

Types of memory.

List the hormones secreted from anterior pituitary gland.

Bohr’s effect.

Define Dead space. What are its types?

Megaloblastic anemia

What is Histotoxic hypoxia? Give an example.

Explain Weber’s Fechner’s law

Erythroblastosis Foetalis

Rods and cones

List three hormones affecting Plasma calcium level and mention the effect on it.

What is Asphyxia? Name a cause for it.

Explain the different waves of EEG

Enumerate the factors affecting erythropoiesis

List the functions of plasma proteins

Functions of skin

Explain Laplace law with reference to urinary bladder

Gap junctions.

Filtration fraction

Explain any three functions of blood testis barrier

State Landsteiner’s law

Enumerate the functions of lymph

Hemophilia.

Compare isotonic and isometric contractions in skeletal muscle

List the functions of blood brain barrier

Explain Papez circuit

Write two examples for positive feedback mechanisms acting in the body.

List functions of middle ear.

What is Babinski’ sign? Explain its clinical significance

Substances used to measure total body water and ECF (Extra Cellular Fluid) space

Draw a neat labelled diagram of Cystometrogram

Plasma clearance

What is cyanosis? What are its types

List the tests for cerebellar ataxia

Enlist liver function test

Astigmatism

Basis for pregnancy tests

Enlist the factors affecting glomerular filtration rate.

Draw a neat labelled diagram of strength duration curve

Draw a neat labelled diagram of Lead II ECG

Explain the significance of Tubulo-glomerular feed back mechanism

Deafness

List six features of cerebellar disease.

List the properties of cardiac muscle

Reticulo-endothelial system

Timed vital capacity

What is the importance of hormones in gender differentiation?

Define Mean arterial pressure and Pulse pressure

What is respiratory acidosis? Mention one condition causing it

State the law of Gut. Mention its significance.

Differentiate between pituitary and thyroid dwarfs

List the functions of cerebrospinal fluid

What is the pathophysiology of myasthenia gravis?

Draw a neat labelled diagram of Cystometrogram and write the cause for phase II.

Draw labelled diagram of relaxed Sarcomere.

Addisson’s disease

List the clinical features of Upper motor neuron lesion

What is summation? Mention its types

Strength duration curve

Landsteiner’s law

Explain Bhor's effect.

Explain components and functions of bile

Travelling wave theory of hearing

Draw and label taste pathway

What are the components and functions of Enteric nervous system?

What is VO2max?

Give the physiological importance of Na+ / K+ pump

List the factors regulating gastric emptying

Sleep disorders

Primary taste sensations.

Explain the mechanism of action of loop diuretics

Land Steiner law

Describe the hormonal control of follicular phase of ovarian cycle

List the clinical features of hypovolemic shock

Explain the pathophysiology of peptic ulcer

Define Hypoxia. Classify hypoxia.

Ovulation

Justify the use of L-dopa in Parkinsonism

List the features of Acromegaly

Enumerate the heat loss mechanisms occurring in the body

What are diuretics? Name two diuretics with their site of action?

Define stress and write adaptive changes.

Intention tremor

What is Klinefelter syndrome?

Draw the structure of Rods and Cones

Types of smooth muscles

List the functions of HCl in stomach.

List the various blood indicies. Write the formula and normal value of each.

Intercellular connections

List the functions of Juxta-glomerular apparatus.

Draw the diagram of a strength duration curve. Define Chronaxie and Rheobase

ACTH

Accommodation reflex

List the phases of deglutition

Define GFR. Mention its normal value.

Mention three properties of cardiac muscle and explain one of them.

Contraceptive pills

Macular sparing

Features of Parkinson’s disease.

Draw a labelled diagram of sarcomere.

Sham feeding

Dysbarism

Stages of deglutition

Three actions of cortisol.

Aphasia

Steatorrhea

Differences between first and second heart sounds.

Mention three factors which regulate the cardiac output.

Depth perception

What are the hormones secreted by adrenal cortex?

Tetany

Gall stones

Compliance in Lungs

Differences between REM and NREM sleep.

Functions of Hypothalamus

Referred pain

Cushing’s syndrome

Brown-sequard syndrome

Functions of Bile.

Describe the intrinsic mechanism of coagulation

Taste pathway

Features of coronary circulation

Define glomerular filtration rate. Describe the factors regulating it.

Errors of refraction.

Explain functions of middle ear

Milk ejection reflex

Explain three properties of synapse.

Functions of saliva.

Humoral Immunity

Describe the functions of basal ganglia

Micturition reflex.

Functions of limbic system

Anticoagulants

Heart sounds.

Spermatogenesis

Intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation

A 50-year-old female with breathlessness, nervousness, sleeplessness with a lump in the neck. Her resting heart rate is 100BPM. She experiences intolerance to heat. a) What is your probable diagnosis? b) Enumerate the steps in management

Classify the fluid compartment of body giving their normal value. Mention two methods to determine Extra Cellular Fluid Volume

Actions of oxytocin

Classify body fluid compartments. Describe measurement of any one compartment

Explain supra spinal control of stretch reflex

What is normal GFR? Explain the factors regulating it

Explain briefly fibrinolytic mechanism and its significance

Excitation contraction coupling in skeletal muscle fiber

Explain the pressure changes in the lung during normal respiration

Negative feedback mechanism

1. A 50 year old bus driver is not able to perform his professional work. He complains of tremor during rest and not able to initiate a movement. He takes short quick steps while walking. Answer the following questions: a) What is your probable diagnosis? b) Explain the pathophysiology underlying this condition c) What is the most commonly used treatment modality?

Explain the Baroreceptor reflex mechanism in blood pressure regulation

Explain the intrinsic mechanism of blood clotting

Diagrammatically represent a normal lead II ECG. Explain the causes for different waves.

Functions and mechanism of action of Insulin

Explain the steps in synthesis and regulation of thyroid hormone synthesis

Explain degeneration and regeneration of nerve fibers

Describe the differences between upper motor neuron and lower motor neuron lesion

1. Mention different types of T-cells and their functions.

1. Compare fast versus slow muscle fibers.

Functions of Thalamus

Explain the transmission of impulse across the neuromuscular junction with the help of a diagram

Explain Neuroendocrine reflex

Conducting system of the heart.

Explain the factors regulating glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Gastrointestinal hormones

Mechanism of humoral immunity

3. Describe Excitation contraction coupling

Transport across cell membrane

Testosterone

Heat Loss mechanism to maintain constant body temperature

Explain the mechanism of cell mediated immunity.

A 30 year old male who had a recent head injury complained of sudden increase in urine output. He also has immense thirst and nocturia. Blood and urine analysis showed FBS – 95mg/dl; serum osmolality – 305mOsm/kg of water, specific gravity of urine - <1.005; urine volume – 10L/day; urine glucose – nil a) What is the probable diagnosis? b) Name the hormone involved and its site of action c) What is the physiological basis of increased urine output in this condition?

Explain Rh incompatibility

Discuss in detail the regulation of heart rate. Add a note on sinus arrhythmia

Actions of glucocorticoids

Explain the organization of body fluids compartments. Mention one method to measure extra cellular fluid volume and total body water

Describe the respiratory centres.

Describe the mechanism and regulation of biosynthesis of thyroid hormones.

Describe the acclimatization changes seen in natives of high altitude along with their physiological basis

Discuss the characteristic features of coronary circulation

Describe the mechanical events during cardiac cycle.

Menstrual cycle

Describe the mechanisms of heat loss and heat gain in the body

Explain the hormonal regulation of blood calcium levels

Explain the metabolic actions of insulin

2. Explain Mechanism of development of erythroblastosis fetalis.

2. Pain suppression system in the brain and spinal cord.

Explain the physiological changes that occur in the body when exposed to high temperature

Myoneural junction

Describe steps involved in Phagocytosis

Describe Intrinsic pathway of clotting mechanism

Plasma proteins

Functions of Neutrophils

Explain the steps of spermatogenesis

Describe the intrinsic method of coagulation.

Pregnancy tests

Tests for Ovulation

Name the different types of heart blocks and explain in brief.

Discuss the actions of testosterone and its regulation

An adult aged 22 years with history of diarrhoea and vomiting of one day duration comes to the OPD. On examination the patient was in altered sensorium, BP-low, tachycardia, thready pulse, cold clammy extremities a) What is the probable diagnosis? b) Explain the reflex that comes into action in the above condition

Describe briefly the mechanism of Na+ reabsorption from different segments of renal tubules

Discuss the factors regulating glomerular filtration

Define Erythropoiesis. Describe its stages.

Describe the functions of cerebellum.

Explain the active transport mechanisms across cell membrane

Explain the counter current multiplier system in kidney

Short term regulation of Blood pressure

Excitation-contraction coupling

Describe the stages and regulation of spermatogenesis

Describe the actions of estrogen

3. Explain the basis for Heart sounds and correlate it with mechanical activity of heart.

An adult aged 32 years comes to causality with history of fall from tree and injury to lower back two days back. Patient is unable to move both lower limbs. On examination patient is conscious, tone in lower limb is decreased and reflexes are lost. X-ray and MRI showed – transection of spinal cord at mid thoracic level. a) What is the diagnosis? b) What is the basis for decreased tone? c) What will be the finding of Babinski sign? 3. .

Mechanism of color vision

Name the errors of refraction. Explain its correction with the help of a diagram

Describe extrinsic method of coagulation. Add a note on anticoagulants.

a. A 45 yr old business man who had irregular sleep and food pattern, complains of heart burns, frequent burping. A physician prescribed him proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), from which he got some relief from above symptoms. a) What condition was he suffering from? b) Explain the basis for treating him with PPIs. c) Explain the factors regulating gastric acid secretion. b.

Explain the waves of Lead II ECG with a diagram.

Define receptor. Classify sensory receptors. Briefly describe the phenomenon of adaptation

Non-excretory function of kidney

Placental hormones.

Describe the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration

Draw a neat labelled diagram of pain pathway. Add a note on gate control theory of pain

Explain the functions of different types of WBC and mention the steps in phagocytosis

List the functions of prefrontal lobe

A 20-year-old male was brought to the casualty following a road traffic accident. On examination his extremities were found to be cold and clammy, heart rate 102/min and blood pressure 70/50 mm of Hg a) Explain the physiological basis of cold clammy extremities b) Classify shock and state Marey’s law

Intrinsic mechanism of coagulation.

Define accommodation in the eye. Trace the pathway and explain the mechanism of accommodation reflex.

A 40 yr old man presented with severe abdominal pain in casualty. History revealed chronic intake of Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). On examination the duty Medical Officer confirmed that it was a case of gastric ulcer a) Interpret the role played by NSAIDs in development of gastric ulcer b) Justify the use of proton pump inhibitors in the treatment of gastric ulcers

Discuss the mechanism of cell mediated immunity

Describe the composition and functions of bile.

Describe the Pathway for pain. Add a note on referred pain.

A middle aged man reported to medical out-patient department with complaints of trembling of hands while attempting to do some work. On examination he was found to have impaired co-ordination and ataxia a) Describe the signs and symptoms of cerebellar disease b) Explain the tests used to assess cerebellar functions

A 60 yrs old man experiences sudden onset of inability to move right upper and lower limbs. Decrease in tone of muscles was noted by the examining doctor a) What will happen to the muscle power and reflex on the right side? b) Explain how muscle tone is regulated at spinal level

A man aged 70 years was brought to hospital with history of difficulty in walking, stoops forwards while walking, abnormal rhythmic movements in hands were observed at rest. He shows tendency to fall forwards or backwards a) What is the provisional diagnosis? b) Discuss the pathophysiology behind this condition c) What is the physiological basis of treatment?

Define Lung compliance and factors affecting it.

Explain carbohydrate and fat metabolism in Type II Diabetes Mellitus.

Corpus luteum

Describe stretch reflex and explain its importance

Functions of basal ganglia.

Functions of middle ear

List the gastro intestinal hormones. Describe any two of them.

Describe the special features of coronary circulation.

Blood indices

Describe the lesions of visual pathway with a neat labelled diagram

Describe the factors affecting glomerular filtration rate.

Compare skeletal muscle with smooth muscle

Explain micturition reflex. What is the reason for plateau phase noted in cystometrogram?

Explain the mechanism of excitation – contraction coupling in skeletal muscle

Explain Phases of gastric acid secretion

A 40 year old traffic policeman came to hospital with sudden difficulty in breathing. He was a chronic smoker. On examination, he has dyspnoea and his expiration was found to be prolonged. Rhonchi were heard all over the chest wall. Spirometry reveals a decrease in FEV1 and PEFR a) What is the probable diagnosis? b) What are the triggering factors for this condition? c) What will be the findings of dynamic lung flow parameters in this condition?

Vestibular apparatus

Organ of corti

Explain the intrinsic mechanism of coagulation

Functions of liver

Non-respiratory functions of lung

Explain the stages and regulation of spermatogenesis

Briefly explain the chemical regulation of respiration

A male aged 55 years was brought to emergency department with history of retro sternal pain since morning, pain in epigastrium radiating to left shoulder, profuse sweating. He is a known diabetic and hypertensive on irregular treatment a) What is the probable diagnosis? b) What are the expected ECG changes in this condition? c) Why is the subendocardium more prone to Ischaemia?

Describe the micturition reflex.

Explain the properties of sensory receptors

Explain the pain pathway with the help of a neat labelled diagram

Describe the classification of nerve fibres

What is dysbarism and explain physiologic basis for its effects.

Describe with neat diagram uterine changes during menstrual cycle with hormonal influence

Mechanism of hearing

Contents and functions of middle ear.

Describe the renal handling of glucose.

Draw normal ECG and explain its waves

Dead space

Describe the composition and functions of surfactant.

Neuromuscular junction

Muscle spindle

A patient came with a h/o pain abdomen, loss of appetite, fatigability, yellowish discoloration of skin and passing of clay colored stools. a) What is your diagnosis? b) What is the reason or yellowish discoloration of skin and clay colored stools? c) Enlist the functions of bile salts

Describe the contents and functions of middle ear

Describe renal function tests

Describe the lung volumes and capacities with a neat labelled diagram

Explain the Bohr effect and Haldane effect

Role of surfactant in lungs

Intestinal movements

Describe the molecular basis of skeletal muscle contraction.

Enumerate the special features of coronary circulation

With a neat labelled diagram, explain the different lung volumes and capacities

Surfactant

Describe the actions of insulin

Explain light and dark adaptation

Explain visual pathway with a neat labelled diagram

Explain mechanism of secretion of HCl in the stomach.

Write formation, drainage of aqueous humour and add a note on glaucoma

Anti thyroid drugs

Enumerate the clinical features of Cushing’s syndrome

Color blindness

Name and describe different types of Hypoxia

Describe the phases of deglutition.

Cerebral circulation

Chemical regulation of respiration

Describe the actions of aldosterone

Define hypoxia. Describe its types.

Describe the phases of cardiac action potential with ionic basis

Explain postural reflexes integrated at the level of medulla oblongata

Write composition and functions of saliva

Explain the source and functions of any five GI hormones

Hypothyroidism

Explain the refractive errors and their corrections

Discuss the mechanism of fat digestion and absorption in gastrointestinal tract

Active transport.

Renal handling of sodium

Name the hormones influencing growth. Describe the actions of Growth hormone on somatic growth.

Mention the composition of pancreatic juice. Describe the regulation of pancreatic secretion

Discuss the functions of exocrine pancreatic juice and its regulation

Explain any three properties of skeletal muscle

Explain the action of glucocorticoids

Explain the different phases of action potential in a nerve fibre and its ionic basis

List the properties of synapse. Explain any two properties

Explain Inulin clearance and write about its application.

Explain structure of Organ of corti and signal transduction

Crossed extensor reflex

Describe the uterine changes during menstrual cycle

Long term regulation of BP

c. Describe the various types of heart blocks.

Describe muscle spindle using a neat labelled diagram

Factors affecting cardiac output

Color vision and color blindness

Describe the visual pathway.

Explain the basis for physiological changes noted at high altitude

Describe the uterine changes during menstrual cycle. Add a note on hormonal basis for the same

Explain chemical regulation of respiration

Distinguish between water and osmotic diuresis. Explain the mode of action of different diuretics

Describe the buffer systems present in renal tubules

Regulation of coronary circulation

Describe the conducting system of the heart.

What is synaptic inhibition? What is its ionic basis? What are the types of synaptic inhibition?

Illustrate the innervation of urinary bladder and describe a normal cystometrogram

Explain the micturition reflex and its higher control

Theories of hearing

Illustrate the pain pathway. Explain the gate control theory of pain

Describe various female contraceptive methods

A 43-year-old man presented with complaints of epigastric pain and diagnosed with peptic ulcer. On endoscopy, he was started on ‘proton-pump’ inhibitors. a) What is proton pump and explain the type of transport? b) Write one cause for peptic ulcer c) What is the basis for action of any two drug used in treatment of peptic ulcer?

Describe cardiovascular changes during isometric exercise.

Four properties of synapse

A newly wed couple comes to the clinic for advice regarding contraception a) What forms of contraception would the doctor advice them? b) What are the other forms of contraception in females and explain their physiological basis?

Biosynthesis of thyroid hormone

d. Explain the hazards of blood transfusion.

Morphology and properties of cardiac muscle

Visual pathway and its clinical disorders

Describe the phases of menstrual cycle.

Renin – angiotensin system

Defecation Reflex

Visual pathway and its lesions

Functions of testosterone

Origin and course of Pyramidal tract

Actions of growth hormone

Types of shock with examples

Ventilation perfusion ratio and its significance

What is Functional Residual Capacity?? How will you measure FRC and its clinical importance?

Hemi section of the spinal cord

Contraception in males

Functions of estrogen.

Define glomerular function rate. Describe the factors affecting it.

Artificial respiration

Structure and functions of Juxta Glomerular apparatus.

Functions of placenta

Ascending reticular activating system

Structure and functions of Neuromuscular junction

Sodium potassium pump.

Describe the connections and functions of basal ganglia. Add a note on its clinical disorders.

Describe the neural regulation of respiration. Add a note on periodic breathing

Explain the mechanism and regulation of gastric secretion.

1. Name the hormones secreted by anterior pituitary. Describe the actions of growth hormones. Add a note on gigantism

Define arterial blood pressure. Describe the neural regulation of arterial blood pressure

Describe the mechanism of transmission of impulse across Neuromuscular junction. Add a note on Myasthenia Gravis.

Describe intrinsic pathway of coagulation. Classify anticoagulants. Explain the action of Heparin as an anticoagulant. Add a note on Christmas disease

Define cardiac output. Mention its normal value. Describe the factors regulating it.

Define Shock. Discuss about the different stages of shock with compensatory mechanisms. Add a note on refractory shock

Describe the functions of hypothalamus.

Describe the origin, course, termination and function of corticospinal tract. List two signs of hemiplegia and basis for it.

Discuss the cardiorespiratory changes seen in a person doing moderate isotonic exercise Define Blood Pressure. List the factors regulating blood pressure. Add a note on long term regulation of blood pressure

Define cardiac cycle and give its normal duration. Describe the mechanical events that take place during a cardiac cycle with help of a diagram.

Define Blood Pressure. Explain the regulation of Blood Pressure.

What is the normal plasma calcium level? Describe the physiological actions of hormones in calcium homeostasis? Add a note on Hypocalcemic tetany?

Describe the different stages of erythropoiesis with the help of a neat labelled diagram. Explain the factors influencing erythropoiesis

Define cardiac output. Explain in detail the factors regulating cardiac output. Add a note Fick’s principle

Name the plasma proteins. Describe the functions of plasma proteins. Add a note on effect of Hypoproteinaemia.

Describe the functions and regulation of glucocorticoids. Add a note on Cushing’s syndrome.

Trace the visual pathway. Explain the lesion that occur at different levels

Explain the dorsal column pathway with the help of a diagram. Describe its functions

Name the functional divisions of cerebellum. Explain the connections and functions of cerebellum

Define cardiac output, mention two methods to estimate cardiac output and explain the mechanism of regulation of cardiac output.

Name the Nuclei of basal ganglia and explain functions of basal ganglia. Add a note on Parkinson’s disease.

Describe the Corticospinal tract with the help of a labeled diagram. What is the effect of lesion at the internal capsular level?

List the nuclei of hypothalamus. Explain the functions of hypothalamus

Trace the visual pathway. Explain the effects of lesion at various points in the pathway

Define menstrual cycle. Explain the various phases with help of diagram. What is amenorrhea?

Define cardiac output and give its normal value. Describe the factors affecting cardiac output. Add a note on measurement of cardiac output

List the neural centres of respiration and explain the neural regulation of breathing

Describe the secretion and regulation of gastric juice in different phases of secretion. Add a note on Peptic ulcer.

Define stroke volume and cardiac output and give their normal values. Explain the factors regulating cardiac output.

2. Define pain. Describe the pathway of pain. Add a note on endogenous pain analgesic system describe theories of referred pain with suitable examples

Describe the synthesis and functions of thyroid hormones. Add a note on its clinical disorders.

Name the hormones of Thyroid gland. Describe the synthesis, transport and regulation of secretion of Thyroid hormone. Add a note on Cretinism.

A patient with h/o severe vomiting and diarrhea since 2 days was brought to the hospital in unconscious state. On examination, pulse rate was 104/min and thready pulse, skin as pale, BP was 80/56 mmHg. a) What is your diagnosis? b) Define and classify Shock c) Describe the stages of Shock

Discuss in detail the synthesis and actions of thyroid hormones. Add a note on Grave’s disease

How is oxygen carried in blood? Describe oxygen – Hemoglobin dissociation curve and factors affecting it.

Define Hypoxia. Describe in detail the cause and characteristic features of different types of Hypoxia

Describe the hormonal, ovarian and uterine changes during menstrual cycle.

What is normal serum calcium level? Describe the hormonal regulation of serum calcium level. What are the clinical features of tetany?

Explain the mechanism of HCL secretion in gastric juice and discuss the factors regulating it

Define immunity and give the types of immunity. Describe the cell mediated immunity and humoral immunity.

Describe Oxygen Transport. What is Bohr effect?

Define muscle tone. With the help of a neat labelled diagram of muscle spindle, describe regulation of muscle length?

Describe the renal handling of sodium. Add a note on tubulo-glomerular feedback mechanism.

Enumerate different types of chemo receptors. Explain their role in chemical regulation of respiration. Add a note on breath holding

Name the respiratory centres. Explain the neural regulation of respiration. Add a note on Cheyne-Stokes Respiration

Describe the connections and functions of cerebellum. Explain the tests and disorders of cerebellum.

Describe the structure of neuromuscular junction and explain the transmission across it. Add a note on neuromuscular blockers

Describe the maternal changes during pregnancy. Add a note on the functions of placenta

What is normal serum calcium level? Describe the hormones that maintain normal serum calcium. Add a note on Tetany

List out the groups of neurons in respiratory center and describe the neural regulation of respiration.

Name the hormones of thyroid gland and explain in detail about the functions of thyroxine. Add a note on hypothyroidism.

Describe the hormonal regulation of menstrual cycle.

What is normal serum calcium level? Describe the hormonal regulation of serum calcium. Add a note on Tetany

What is menstrual cycle? Explain the ovarian changes taking place during menstrual cycle

Describe the structure, connections and functions of cerebellum. Mention the signs of cerebellar lesion.

Define circulatory shock. Mention the types of shock. Explain the various compensatory mechanisms in non progressive stage of shock

A woman aged 30 years complains of general fatigue, breathlessness on exertion, giddiness and palpitation. On examination, patient had pallor of skin and mucous membrane, glossitis and koilonychia. Investigations revealed: Hemoglobin: 6gm/dl, RBC count: 3 million cells/cu mm of blood, MCHC: 28%, MCV: 60 cumm3, Eosinophilia. Stool examination: Hookworm ova present 18 (i) Identify the condition A. Bronchial Asthma B. Iron deficiency Anemia C. Jaundice D. Aplastic Anemia 18 (ii) What type of blood picture is seen in the above condition? A. Normocytic normochromic B. Microcytic normochromic C. Microcytic hypochromic D. Macrocytic normochromic

A 68-year old man presents with sudden onset of difficulty speaking. He can understand what is being said to him., but his speech is slow, effortful and limited to short phrases. He is also experiencing weakness on his right side. 18 (i) What type of aphasia is the above patient suffering from? A. Wernicke’s aphasia B. Brocca’s aphasia C. Global aphasia D. None of the above 18 (ii) What is the Broadmann’s area affected in Wernicke’s aphasia? A. Area 44 B. Area 17 C. Area 22 D. Area 39

A 19-year-old male athlete faints during intense training. His resting heart rate is 42 bpm, and blood pressure is 108/70 mmHg. On examination, there is bradycardia, but no structural heart disease is found. The physician suspects increased vagal tone due to athletic conditioning 18 (i) Which structure in the heart primarily determines the resting heart rate in this individual? A. Atrioventricular node B. Bundle of His C. Purkinje fibers D. Sinoatrial node 18 (ii) Which parasympathetic neurotransmitter is responsible for the observed bradycardia? A. Adrenaline B. Acetylcholine C. Dopamine D. Noradrenaline

A 30-year-old woman reports difficulty with peripheral vision. On perimetry examination visual field defect was noted. MRI reveals a pituitary tumor compressing the optic chiasma. 18 (i) Which of the following visual field defects is most characteristic of optic chiasma compression? A. Right homonymous hemianopia B. Left homonymous hemianopia C. Bitemporal hemianopia D. Central scotoma 18 (ii) Which fibers of the visual pathway are compressed to produce the above mentioned visual defect? A. Temporal retinal fibers B. Nasal retinal fibers C. Optic nerve fibers D. Optic tract fibers

A 40-year old businessmen visit the OPD with chief complaints of severe nausea and pain in epigastric region which used to increase after taking food. Past history reveals frequent intake of pain killers for headache. The ECG recording was normal 19 (i) What is the probable condition? A. Pleuritis B. Chronic gastritis C. Pneumonia D. Myocardial Infraction 19 (ii) Which cells secrets HCl? A. Pareital cells B. Chief cells C. D- cells D. Alpha cells

A 52-year old female comes to gynecology OPD with complaints of flushing of face, restlessness and heat intolerance. She also has vaginal dryness, night sweats and weight gain. 19 (i) what is the probable condition? A. Polycystic ovary syndrome B. Cushing syndrome C. Fibroids D. Postmenopausal syndrome 19 (ii) The first to happen in puberty in female is A. Pubarche B. Thelarche C. Menarche D. Axillary hair

A 22-year-old woman presents with fatigue, pallor, and shortness of breath on exertion. Her blood test shows: Hemoglobin: 8.0 g/dL, MCV: 70 fL (microcytic), Serum ferritin: low. Her physician diagnoses her with iron deficiency anemia and starts her on iron supplements. 19 (i) Which of the following is the primary site of erythropoietin (EPO) production in adults? A. Liver B. Spleen C. Red bone marrow D. Kidney 19 (ii) Which of the following is the earliest committed precursor in the red blood cell lineage? A. Reticulocyte B. Myeloblast C. Proerythroblast D. Megakaryoblast

Rajesh, a trained athlete is a sprinter and also participates in marathons regularly. He practices running as a part of training- 19 (i) Trained athletes compared to untrained individuals have A. Large stroke volume and lower heart rate B. Smaller stroke volume and higher heart rate. C. Smaller size of heart. D. Decreased incidence of severity of myocardial infarction. 19 (ii) In athletes, bradycardia is because of – A. Increased sympathetic tone. B. Increased vagal tone C. Decreased cardiac output D. Low venous return

A 56-year old man with a history of smoking presents to his primary care physician with shortness of breath and cough for several days. His symptoms began 3 days ago with rhinorrhea. He reports a chronic morning cough productive of white sputum, which has increased over the past 2 days 20 (i) What is the probable condition? A. COPD B. Pneumoconiosis C. Interstitial lung disease D. Pericarditis 20 (ii) What is the common method used to assess the severity of the above condition? A. Pulmonary function Test B. Blood pressure monitoring C. Heart rate variability D. ECHO

A 12-year old girl came with recurrent carpopedal spasms of both hands and feet since 2 months. Her BP is normal, but Trousseau’s sign is positive. On testing she has hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia and elevated serum alkaline phosphatase. 20 (i) What is the probable condition? A. Hyperthyroidism B. Diabetes mellitus C. Hypocalcemic tetany D. Acute pancreatitis 20 (ii) Which of the following hormones does not regulate serum calcium level? A. PTH B. Calcitonin C. Adrenaline D. 1, 25 - dihydroxy cholecalciferol

A 65-year-old man suddenly stands up from bed after prolonged bed rest. He immediately feels dizzy and lightheaded. His blood pressure drops to 88/60 mmHg, and his heart rate rises to 110 bpm. The condition improves when he lies back down. 20 (i) Which physiological reflex is primarily responsible for maintaining blood pressure during sudden postural changes? A. Chemoreceptor reflex B. Bainbridge reflex C. Cushing reflex D. Baroreceptor reflex 20 (ii) Which of the following accurately describes the autonomic response in this patient during the hypotensive episode? A. ↑ Parasympathetic tone, ↓ Sympathetic tone B. ↓ Parasympathetic tone, ↓ Sympathetic tone C. ↑ Parasympathetic tone, ↑ Sympathetic tone D. ↓ Parasympathetic tone, ↑ Sympathetic tone

A 32-year-old man complains of infertility. Semen analysis shows low sperm count and poor motility- 20 (i) Sperm motility is decreased in A. Alkaline pH B. Neutral pH C. Acidic pH D. Normal saline 20 (ii) In the testis, the cells that secrete testosterone – A. Germinal epithelium B. Leydig cells C. Sertoli cells D. Sperm cells

A duty nurse has mistakenly started A+ blood transfusion to a patient with B+ group which she realizes after patient complained of uneasiness and feverish feeling. 21 (i) Identify the condition A. Rh incompatibility B. ABO incompatibility C. Jaundice D. Aplastic Anemia 21 (ii) Blood groups were discovered by A. William Harvey B. Louis Pasteur C. Duffy D. Karl Landsteiner

A metal factory worker suffers from noise induced hearing loss. 21 (i) Which of the following structure are affected? A. Crista ampullaris B. Macula C. Cupola D. Outer hair cells 21 (ii) The depolarization of hair cells is due to influx of: A. Sodium ion B. Potassium ion C. Calcium ion D. Magnesium ion

A 50-year-old male with long-standing diabetes mellitus presents with swelling in his legs and frothy urine. Urinalysis reveals proteinuria, and his estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is reduced. He is diagnosed with diabetic nephropathy. 21 (i) Which of the following pressures opposes glomerular filtration in the kidney? A. Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure B. Bowman’s space hydrostatic pressure C. Afferent arteriolar pressure D. Renal blood flow 21 (ii) Which part of the nephron is primarily responsible for the reabsorption of filtered bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻)? A. Proximal convoluted tubule B. Thick ascending limb of Henle C. Distal convoluted tubule D. Collecting duct

A physiology student is conducting an experiment on sensory perception. She observes that to perceive a difference in weight, a person must add 5 grams to a 50-gram weight, but must add 10 grams to a 100-gram weight. She concludes that the perceived intensity of sensation is not directly proportional to the actual stimulus intensity. 21 (i) Which law explains the relationship between stimulus intensity and perceived sensation described in this experiment? A. Bell-Magendie Law B. All-or-None Law C. Weber-Fechner Law D. Law of Projection 21 (ii) Law of projection deals with A. Frequency discrimination B. Receptive field organization C. perception of the site of sensation D. Two point discrimination.

A 65-year old male presents to the clinic with complaints of dizziness and light headedness, particularly when standing up. His heart rate is irregular and on examination, it is found to be slow. An ECG shows an abnormally prolonged PR interval. 22 (i) This finding is most consistent with? A. First degree AV Block B. Second Degree AV Block, Mobitz Type I C. Second Degree AV Block, Mobitz Type II D. Third Degree AV Block 22 (ii) What could happen if there was no AV nodal delay: A. The ventricles would contract before the atria have a chance to empty B. The heart rate would be slower C. The blood would not be pumped efficiently D. Both A and C

A lady comes to OPD with complaints of decreased night vision. She also has dry skin. On examination her conjunctiva is dry and there is a small, foamy grayish patch on it 22 (i) What is the probable condition? A. Vitamin B12 deficiency B. Vitamin A deficiency C. Vitamin C deficiency D. Vitamin B6 deficiency 22 (ii) Which visual pigment is deficient in this condition A. Iodopsin B. Rhodopsin C. Melanin D. Opsin

A 70-year-old woman with long-standing hypertension presents with fatigue and swelling in her legs. Echocardiography reveals left ventricular hypertrophy and reduced stroke volume. Her ejection fraction is borderline low. The physician explains that increased afterload due to systemic hypertension is likely affecting her cardiac output. 22 (i) Which of the following best describes the effect of increased afterload on stroke volume in this patient? A. Stroke volume increases due to increased preload B. Stroke volume increases due to increased contractility C. Stroke volume decreases due to increased resistance D. Stroke volume is unaffected by afterload 22 (ii) Which of the following is a major determinant of afterload in the left ventricle? A. Heart rate B. Venous return C. Aortic pressure D. Myocardial oxygen demand

A 22-year-old man accidentally touches a hot pan and immediately withdraws his hand. He feels sharp, localized pain followed by a dull, aching sensation. This sequence of pain perception is due to the type of nerve fibers involved in transmitting nociceptive stimuli. 22 (i) Which type of nerve fibers is responsible for the immediate, sharp pain experienced by the patient? A. A-alpha fibers B. A-delta fibers C. B fibers D. C fibers 22 (ii) Nociceptive stimuli are transmitted by- A. Naked nerve endings B. Pacinian corpuscles C. Merkel’s disc D. Ruffini end organ

A 50-year male visited OPD with complaints of weight loss, weakness and fatiguability for more than 6 months. On clinical examination he had marked splenomegaly, mild hepatomegaly. Total leucocyte count (TLC) was 1.2 lakhs per cubic mm of blood. Examination of peripheral blood smear revealed more number of myelocytes and metamyelocytes with many neutrophils. 23 (i) What is the most probable condition? A. Hepatitis B. Leukemia C. Gilbert’s Syndrome D. Hemolytic Jaundice 23 (ii) Eosinophilia is seen in all EXPECT A. Bronchial asthma B. Worm infestation C. Cushing’s syndrome D. Urticaria

A 6-month old child was brought by his parents with complaints of empty scrotal sac. He was only 1.8 kg at birth and had empty scrotal sac at that time also. The doctor that time assured them to wait for 4 months and asked to report back if the problem continues 23 (i) What is the probable condition? A. Varicocele B. Cryptorchidism C. Inguinal hernia D. Torsion of testis 23 (ii) Sertoli cells secrete A. Testosterone B. FSH C. Androstenedione D. Inhibin

A 65-year-old man with a long history of smoking presents with progressive shortness of breath and chronic cough. Pulmonary function tests reveal a decreased FEV1/FVC ratio and his chest X-ray shows hyperinflated lungs. He is diagnosed with emphysema, a form of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). 23 (i) Which of the following lung volumes is typically increased in patients with emphysema? A. Tidal volume B. Inspiratory reserve volume C. Expiratory reserve volume D. Residual volume 23 (ii) What is the primary mechanism for gas exchange at the alveolar-capillary membrane? A. Active transport B. Bulk flow C. Diffusion D. Filtration

A new mother is breastfeeding her infant. The baby’s suckling stimulates a neuroendocrine reflex that causes milk ejection. This reflex involves coordinated activity between the nervous system and endocrine glands. 23 (i) Which hormone is primarily responsible for causing milk ejection (let-down) during breastfeeding? A. Prolactin B. Oxytocin C. Estrogen D. Progesterone 23 (ii) Which part of the nervous system mediates the sensory input from nipple stimulation to trigger milk ejection? A. Parasympathetic nervous system B. Somatic nervous system C. Sympathetic nervous system D. Hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system

A patient having uncontrolled diabetes with urinary tract infection not responding to conventional antibiotic therapy was brought to the hospital in an unconscious state. 24 (i) What is the probable condition? A. Anaphylactic shock B. Septic shock C. Hypovolemic shock D. Obstructive shock 24 (ii) All are the short term regulation of blood pressure EXPECT: A. Baroreceptor reflex B. Chemical regulation C. Renal Mechanism D. CNS ischemic response

A 30-year old man comes to the emergency with complaints of vomiting, weakness and burning pain in his chest. On examination his vitals were normal. On endoscopy, a diagnosis of achalasia cardia was given. He was treated with botulinum injection 24 (i) Botulinum was injected at lower esophageal sphincter (LES) because: A. Of its stimulatory effect at LES B. Of its paralytic effect C. Increased vesicle release from presynaptic neuron D. Increased calcium influx 24 (ii) All of the following are true for presynaptic nerve terminal EXCEPT: A. It loses its myelin sheath B. The vesicles cluster around active zones C. Contains plenty of mitochondria D. Has numerous voltage gated Na+ channels

A 62-year-old man with a history of chronic heart failure presents with shortness of breath and swelling in his lower limbs. On examination, his jugular venous pressure is elevated, and there is bilateral pedal edema. Echocardiogram shows dilated ventricles with reduced ejection fraction. 24(i) Which of the following best explains the mechanism by which increased end-diastolic volume leads to increased stroke volume in a healthy heart? A. Increase in myocardial oxygen consumption B. Increase in afterload C. Frank-Starling mechanism D. Decrease in preload 24 (ii) What is the most important determinant of venous return in the systemic circulation? A. Atrial pressure B. Blood volume C. Total peripheral resistance D. Mean systemic filling pressure

An elderly woman complains of decreased exercise tolerance and easy fatigability. Clinical examination reveals reduced cardiac output and stiffening of blood vessels. These changes are commonly seen as part of the normal aging process 24 (i) Which of the following cardiovascular changes is typically observed with aging? A. Increased maximum heart rate B. Decreased compliance of blood vessels C. Increased stroke volume D. Enhanced baroreceptor sensitivity 24 (ii) Which of the following is a typical respiratory system change seen in aging? A. Increased lung elasticity B. Increased vital capacity C. Decreased chest wall compliance D. Increased alveolar surface area

A 65-year old male was brought to the hospital with following features. He was a hypertensive and a diabetic on irregular treatment. He had signs and symptoms of pedal edema, fatigue, vomiting and loss of appetite. On examination, his urea and creatinine levels were very high. 25 (i) What is the probable diagnosis? A. Urinary tract infection B. Polycystic kidney C. Renal failure D. Neurogenic bladder 25 (ii) The following is an abnormal constituents of urine A. Urea B. Uric acid C. Creatinine D. Proteins

A 40-year old man came to OPD with complaints of headache, excessive sweating, sleep apnea and slight changes in his jaw and forehead. He also tells you his feet and hands have become big and his vision has become blurry. On examination a mass was found in his sella area of brain. 25 (i) What is the probable diagnosis? A. Pituitary dwarfism B. Acromegaly C. Cretinism D. Gigantism 25 (ii) The hormone responsible for above condition can be A. Glucocorticoids B. Vasopressin C. Growth hormone D. Thyroid hormone

A 45-year-old mountain climber ascends to a high altitude (4,500 meters) and experiences headache, dizziness, and breathlessness. Arterial blood gas analysis shows low PaO₂ and mild respiratory alkalosis. His symptoms are attributed to high-altitude hypoxia. 25 (i) Which of the following changes occurs immediately in response to high altitude exposure? A. Increased erythropoietin synthesis B. Metabolic acidosis C. Hypoventilation D. Hyperventilation due to peripheral chemoreceptor activation 25 (ii) Which of the following shifts the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right? A. Decreased temperature B. Decreased CO₂ C. Increased 2,3-BPG D. Increased pH

A 30-year-old woman presents with symptoms of weight loss, heat intolerance, and palpitations. Laboratory tests reveal elevated levels of T3 and T4 with suppressed TSH. This clinical picture suggests hyperthyroidism 25 (i) Which hormone is directly responsible for increasing basal metabolic rate in target tissues? A. Thyroxine (T4) B. Calcitonin C. Tri-iodothyronine (T3) D. Parathyroid hormone 25 (ii) Which of the following is the main regulatory hormone controlling thyroid hormone secretion? A. Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) B. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) C. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) D. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

A 28-year old diabetic mother delivered the child through cesarean section at 32 weeks of gestation. The newborn baby had difficulty in breathing. The respiratory rate was 80 breaths/min. There was a grunting sound during expiration. The baby also had central cyanosis. 26 (i) What is the possible condition? A. Hyaline membrane disease B. Congenital heart disease C. Bacterial Pneumonia D. Pneumothorax 26 (ii) Pulmonary surfactant is produced by A. Type I alveolar cells B. Type II alveolar cells C. Mast cells D. APUD cells

A patient presents with muscle weakness and fatigue, especially after exercise. Blood test reveal low potassium levels. 26 (i) Which of the following is the most likely cause of muscle weakness and fatigue in a patient with low potassium levels? A. Increased muscle fiber diameter B. Impaired action potential propagation C. Increased muscle glycogen storage D. Enhanced muscle protein synthesis 26 (ii) What is the role of sodium - potassium pump in muscle cells? A. To generate ATP for muscle contraction B. To maintain the proper ion gradients across the cell membrane C. To synthesize muscle proteins D. To convert glucose to lactate

A 55-year-old man presents to the emergency department with chest discomfort and palpitations. An ECG shows absent P waves and an irregularly irregular rhythm. The attending physician diagnoses him with atrial fibrillation. 26 (i) In a normal ECG, what does the P wave represent? A. Ventricular depolarization B. Ventricular repolarization C. Atrial depolarization D. Atrial repolarization 26 (ii) Which of the following structures is responsible for the delay in impulse conduction between the atria and the ventricles? A. SA node B. AV node C. Bundle of His D. Purkinje fibers

A 28-year-old woman presents with regular menstrual cycles and no signs of pregnancy. She is in the mid-cycle phase of her menstrual cycle. Hormonal assays show a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH). 26 (i) What is the primary physiological event triggered by the mid-cycle LH surge? A. Menstruation B. Ovulation C. Follicle formation D. Endometrial shedding 26 (ii) Which hormone is primarily responsible for maintaining the corpus luteum after ovulation? A. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) B. Luteinizing hormone (LH) C. Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) D. Progesterone

A 65-year old male had recent stroke presents with urinary frequency, urgency and dribbling. He also reports difficulty in initiating urination and feels he can’t fully empty his bladder. The bladder capacity is decreased and the muscle of bladder is hypertrophied 27 (i) what is the probable diagnosis? A. Urinary tract infection B. Automatic bladder C. Neurogenic bladder D. Bladder tumor 27 (ii) Voluntary control of bladder is possible because of contraction of A. Abdominal muscles B. Perineal muscles and external sphincter C. Pelvic floor muscles D. Detrusor muscles

A 35-year old man came to the OPD with complaints of feeling extremely thirsty, even after taking adequate amount of fluid whole day. He said frequency of urination has increased, and often gets up at night to urinate 27 (i) What is the most likely diagnosis based on patient’s symptoms? A. Diabetes mellitus B. Addison’s disease C. Diabetes insipidus D. Cushing syndrome 27 (ii) Strongest stimulator for ADH secretion is: A. Hyperosmolarity B. Hyponatremia C. Hypotension D. Hypovolemia

A 45-year-old woman presents with right upper quadrant pain, jaundice, and pale stools. Ultrasound reveals gallstones obstructing the common bile duct. Laboratory investigations show elevated bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase levels. She is diagnosed with obstructive jaundice. 27 (i) Which of the following is a primary function of bile salts in the gastrointestinal tract? A. Activation of pepsinogen B. Digestion of carbohydrates C. Emulsification of dietary fats D. Secretion of intrinsic factor 27 (ii) In obstructive jaundice, absorption of which vitamin is most likely impaired? A. Vitamin B12 B. Vitamin C C. Vitamin D D. Vitamin B1

A patient suffers a complete transection of the spinal cord at the mid-thoracic level following a traumatic injury. Immediately after injury, the patient exhibits flaccid paralysis and loss of all reflexes below the level of the lesion. 27 (i) After spinal cord transaction, reflex movement that appears quite early is- A. Flexor reflex B. Mass reflex C. Deep reflexes D. Coitus reflex 27 (ii) As the stage of spinal shock passes off, functional activity first appears in- A. Tone of blood vessels B. Sphincter vesicae C. Detrusor muscle of urinary bladder D. Muscle tone

Define cardiac output. Give the formula for cardiac index & mention the normal value. Describe the various factors maintaining cardiac output.

Explain the connections and functions of cerebellum. Add a note on clinical symptoms seen in cerebellar lesions.

Define blood pressure. Enumerate the factors that affect it in humans. Describe the short term regulatory mechanisms of blood pressure. Reasoning questions (Short Answer)

Describe the pyramidal tracts using neat labelled diagram. Add a note on Babinski’s sign

Why erythroblastosis fetalis is common in 2nd born infant born to a Rh negative mother?

Explain the physiological basis for polyphagia, polydipsia and polyuria in diabetes mellitus.

1. Explain why capillaries are known as exchange vessels.

Why the action of excess aldosterone secretion doesn’t persist for long term?

Explain why there is Increased incidence of tuberculosis in the apex of the lung.

Explain the physiological basis of rigor mortis.

Explain why peak expiratory flow rate is used for screening in bronchial asthma.

Explain why resting membrane potential is electro-negative.

Explain the physiological basis for renal splay.

Describe the mechanism of Renshaw cell inhibition.

2. Explain why immune system does not attack its own tissues.

1. Explain why diabetes mellitus is a disease of ‘starvation amidst plenty.’

Describe the basis for triple response.

How intrauterine devices acts as contraceptive method in females?

Explain how collateral circulation has a life-saving role in patients of myocardial infarction.

Explain how glucocorticoids have a life-saving role in anaphylaxis.

Why there is alternate apnoea and hyperpnea in cheyne stokes breathing?

Explain basis for olfactory adaptation.

Explain why spleen is called as graveyard of RBCs?

Explain why a patient continues to feel pain even in amputated limb.

Explain the pathophysiology of peptic ulcer disease. Add a note on treatment of peptic ulcer disease.

Draw neuro-muscular junction. Add a note on pathophysiology of myasthenia gravis.

A 22-year-old male presents to the emergency department with oliguria, facial puffiness, and periorbital edema for 3 days following a recent sore throat 2 weeks ago. On examination, he has mild hypertension and pitting pedal edema. Urinalysis shows hematuria, proteinuria, and RBC casts. His blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine are elevated. Serum complement C3 is reduced. The physician suspects acute glomerulonephritis. a) Explain the basis of edema in this condition b) Explain the factors affecting glomerular filtration rate.

A couple having no children despite 5 years of marriage approaches a doctor who orders some investigation after history is taken along with examination. A diagnosis of primary infertility is made. Enumerate its causes and the investigations required for this case.

Define Blood pressure. Explain the role of CNS ischemic response in regulating blood pressure.

Explain the basis of clinical features of Parkinsonism.

A 19-year-old first-year MBBS student participates in a 100-meter sprint during the college sports meet. Immediately after the race, she experiences rapid breathing and a pounding heartbeat. On examination (immediately post-run): Pulse: 132/min, regular, BP: 140/85 mm Hg, Respiratory rate: 28/min, Heart sounds: Normal S1 and S2, no murmurs, after 5 minutes rest: Pulse returns to 78/min and BP to 118/76 mm Hg a) Explain the basis of increase in heart rate and respiratory rate. b) How cardiac output rises during exercise?

A 26 years old policeman was brought to emergency department with a gun shot injury in his upper lumbar spine. Patient was conscious and reported that he felt as if his body had been ‘cut into half’. On examination, complete loss of sensory, motor and autonomic functions below the site of the lesion. What is the diagnosis and explain the basis for the changes noticed below the level of lesion?

Describe the complications of blood transfusion.

Explain the anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive actions of cortisol. Add a note on Cushing’s syndrome

Describe basic electrical rhythm (BER) and its significance.

What is Rigor mortis? Explain its basis and medicolegal importance.

Explain the steps of phagocytosis.

Describe the thermoregulatory mechanism on exposure to hot environment.

Explain the tubular transport maximum and its significance using glucose as an example.

Explain the theories of referred pain.

Describe briefly the mechanical events of cardiac cycle.

Explain the properties of receptors.

Describe Functional Residual Capacity and its physiological significance.

Describe the structure of sarcomere in skeletal muscle.

Describe the different steps of erythropoiesis and its regulation.

Describe the features of Acute mountain sickness. How it can be overcome physiologically?

Describe the visual pathway and the effect of its lesions.

Explain Oxygen Dissociation Curve with a neat labelled diagram. Mention the factor which shifts the curve to right.

Describe the physiological actions of thyroid hormone.

Describe the features and pathophysiology of Iron deficiency anemia.

Discuss the hormones involved in maintenance of calcium balance.

Describe the counter current multiplier in the kidney.

Explain the Pain pathway. Add a note on gate control theory.

Describe the movements of small intestine.

Discuss the role of middle ear in hearing.

Explain the types of small intestinal movements.

Describe the changes that occur in the uterine endometrium during the menstrual cycle with the hormonal basis.

Classify anti-coagulants. Describe the role of heparin as an anti-coagulant.

Describe different phases of menstrual cycle with hormonal changes.

Describe chemical regulation of respiration.

Name the hormones which affect serum calcium level. Describe their mode of action.

Describe active transport mechanisms with examples.

Describe the features of Addison’s disease.

What are the different ways illness can impact a patient ‘s life beyond physical symptoms?

Discuss how attitude helps to build rapport with the patient.

Describe the duties of a physician in general, towards patients and to the community that he serves.

Discuss the types of doctor-patient relationship.

Increased secretion of growth hormone after puberty leads to A. Cretinism B. Dwarfism C. Acromegaly D. Gigantism

T wave in ECG is produced due to A. Atrial depolarization B. Ventricular depolarization C. Atrial repolarization D. Ventricular repolarization

Diabetes insipidus occurs due to deficiency of A. Growth hormone B. Insulin C. ADH D. Thyroxine

Near vision is tested by A. Snellen’s chart B. Jaeger’s chart C. Ishihara chart D. Color vision

All the following are hormones of anterior pituitary gland EXCEPT A. Growth hormone B. Thyroid hormone C. Prolactin D. Oxytocin

21 Obligatory urine volume, considering a maximum urine osmolality of 1200mOsm/L is A. 0.5 L/day B. 1 L/day C. 1.5 L/day D. 2 L/day

The processing of short-term memory to long-term memory is done in: A. Prefrontal cortex B. Hippocampus C. Neocortex D. Amygdala

Gastric acid secretion is increased by A. Presence of acid in small intestine B. Presence of chyme in stomach C. Presence of protein breakdown product in small intestines D. Distension of small bowel

Korotkoff sounds are produced due to A. Turbulence of blood flow B. Laminar blood flow C. Closure of AV valves D. Closure of semi lunar valves

Cephalic phase of gastric juice secretion is controlled mainly by A. Neural factors B. Hormonal factors C. Gastric distension D. Presence of proteins in stomach

The amount of tension actually generated by the cross bridge movement of muscle is called A. Total tension B. Passive tension C. Active tension D. None of the above

Optimal pH for the action of salivary amylase is A. 4.2 B. 6.7 C. 7.4 D. 8.2

The pacemaker potential is due to: A. Fast Na+ channel B. Na+ entry through funny channels C. Slow Ca++ efflux D. Rapid repolarization

Endolymph is secreted by A. Reissner’s membrane B. Tectorial membrane C. Stria vascularis D. Outer hair cells

The human ear is most sensitive to frequencies (in Hz) of A. 20-1000 B. 1000-5000 C. 5000-10000 D. 10000-20000

Kluver-Bucy syndrome is due to the lesion in which of the following structure: A. Amygdala B. Hippocampus C. Hypothalamus D. Temporal lobe

In the fetus, removal of webs between fingers is caused by mechanism of A. Necrosis B. Cloning C. Apoptosis D. Lysis

Repolarization in a motor nerve is due to A. Influx of chloride ion B. Efflux of potassium ion C. Efflux of calcium ion D. Influx of sodium ion

Nucleus Gracilis and Nucleus Cuneatus are second order neurons for A. Dorsal columns B. Dorsal lateral tract C. Ventral Spinothalamic tract D. Lateral Spinothalamic tract

Plasma protein responsible for clotting is A. Albumin B. Globulin C. Fibrinogen D. All of the above

Most effective female contraceptive for birth spacing A. Tubectomy B. Vasectomy C. Intra uterine contraceptive device D. Condom

22 Which is the major site of reabsorption of bicarbonate? A. Proximal tubule B. Descending limb of loop of Henle C. Ascending limb of loop of Henle D. Distal tubule

Capacitation of sperms takes place in: A. Seminiferous tubules B. Epididymis C. Vas deferens D. Uterus

Dynamic lung volume is A. Tidal volume B. Timed vital capacity C. Vital capacity D. Expiratory reserve volume

Vast majority of obese individuals have increased levels of: A. Adiponectin B. Leptin C. Ghrelin D. Cortisol

Atrial systole coincides with ventricular A. Isometric contraction B. Rapid ejection phase C. Last rapid filling phase D. Isometric relaxation

Tropomyosin A. Helps in fusion of troponin and myosin B. Causes calcium release C. Slides over myosin D. Prevents attachment of actin and myosin

Progressive lengthening of the PR interval until a ventricular beat is dropped is known as A. Wenkebach phenomenon B. Stokes Adams syndrome C. Fascicular block D. Third degree heart block

True regarding endothelin-1 is all EXCEPT A. Broncho dilatation B. Vasoconstriction C. Decreased GFR D. Local regulation

Heteronymous hemianopia is seen in lesion of A. Optic chiasma B. Lateral geniculate body C. Optic tract D. Optic nerve

Most rapidly adapting receptors are A. Pacinian corpuscles B. Hair receptors C. Muscle spindle D. Joint capsule receptors

The normal albumin-globulin ratio is A. 1:2.3 B. 1:1.7 C. 1.7:1 D. 3:1

Hormones which have effect on the adjacent cells are called A. Classical hormones B. Neurohormones C. Paracrine hormones D. Autocrine hormones

Nicotinic A-ch receptors are found on the A. Pre synaptic membrane B. Post synaptic membrane C. Motor end plate D. Palisades

Type of ADH receptor present in kidney A. V1 B. V2 C. V3 D. V1B

Cushing’s syndrome result from increased exposure of body to high blood level of A. Glucocorticoids B. Mineralocorticoids C. Catecholamines D. Sex steroids

23 Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in stimulating acid secretion during the cephalic phase? A. Acetylcholine B. Dopamine C. Serotonin D. Histamine

Secretion of growth hormone increases with A. Increase in blood glucose level B. Increase in cortisol C. Increase in free fatty acid level D. Increased sleep

Normal platelet count is A. 4000-11000 / cu.mm B. 1.5-4L/cu.mm C. 5-6 million/cu.mm D. More than 6 million/cu.mm

Descending limb of loop of Henle is permeable to all EXCEPT A. Water B. Sodium C. Urea D. Glucose

Motor aphasia refers to defect in A. Peripheral speech apparatus B. Verbal expression C. Auditory comprehension D. Verbal comprehension

Renal plasma flow is measured by clearance of A. Inulin B. Creatinine C. P-aminohippuric acid D. Urea

Measurement of anatomic dead space is by: A. O2 breath test B. Helium dilution test C. N2 breath test D. pCO2

Spinocerebellar tract carries the sensation of A. Conscious Proprioception B. Crude touch C. Unconscious Proprioception D. Pain

Synaptic transmission exhibits all except A. Junctional delay B. Fatigue C. Modulation D. Bidirectional transmission

The most common type of anemia found in our country is A. Thalassemia B. Aplastic anemia C. Megaloblastic anemia D. Iron deficiency anemia

Somatostatin is produced in the A. Hypothalamus B. Anterior pituitary C. Fundus of stomach D. Alpha cells of pancreas

Choleretic is A. Gastrin B. Secretin C. CCK- PZ D. Somatostatin

Somatosensory cortex is present in A. Frontal lobe B. Temporal lobe C. Parietal lobe D. Occipital lobe

Which of the following gases is used to measure the diffusing capacity of the lungs? A. Nitrogen B. Argon C. Carbon monoxide D. Carbon dioxide

Action of progesterone: A. Causes uterine contraction B. Inhibits LH secretion C. Decrease in body temperature D. Causes proliferative changes in uterus

In Cushing’s reflex there is A. Increased HR increased BP B. Decreased HR increased BP C. Increased HR decreased BP D. Decreased HR decreased BP

Normal cardiac output is A. 70 to 80 ml/min B. 5 to 6 ml/min C. 5 to 6 lit/min D. 5 to 6 dl/min

PCO2 of alveolar air in mm of Hg A. 104 B. 46 C. 40 D. 27

Which of the following is the major neurotransmitter in nigro-striatal pathway A. Dopamine B. Noradrenaline C. Acetyl choline D. Serotonin

Maximum volume of gas that can be moved into and out of lungs in one min by voluntary effort is known as A. Maximum voluntary ventilation B. Pulmonary ventilation C. Respiratory minute volume D. Residual volume

Oxygen therapy is least useful in: A. Anaemia B. ARDS C. Alveolar damage D. COPD

Site of action of aldosterone on the renal tubule A. Proximal convoluted tubule B. Loop of Henle C. Early distal convoluted tubule D. Collecting duct

The approximate period for which the ovum remains viable after ovulation under physiological conditions is A. 12 hrs B. 1 day C. 3 days D. 5 days

Blood – testis barrier is formed by: A. Sertoli cells B. Leydig cells C. Epididymis D. Vas deferens

Cortisol can cause all of the following except A. Inflammation to be suppressed B. Fat to be used for energy C. Lysosomal membranes to become unstable D. The blood glucose concentration to increase

Natural anticoagulant is A. Serotonin B. Histamine C. Heparin D. Calcium

Resting tremors are characteristic feature of A. Parkinsonism B. Motor neuron disease C. Hepatic encephalopathy D. Hypoxic encephalopathy

Which of the RBC indices best differentiates megaloblastic anemia from iron deficiency anemia? A. Mean corpuscular volume B. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin C. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration D. Mean corpuscular width

Glucose increases plasma insulin by a process that involves: A. GLUT 1 B. GLUT 2 C. GLUT 3 D. SGLT 1

First heart sound A. Marks the onset of ventricular systole B. Caused by the closure of atrio ventricular value C. Best heard over aortic and pulmonary areas D. Characterized by high pitch and sharp sound

Compensating mechanisms involved at high altitude is A. Hyperventilation B. Hypoventilation C. Respiratory acidosis D. Decreased RBC count

Maximum velocity of conduction in the cardiac musculature is seen in A. SA node B. Av node C. Bundle of His D. Purkinje fibers

Which of the following sensations are transmitted by the dorsal column pathway A. Fine touch, proprioception B. Pain C. Temperature D. Crude touch

The principal site of peripheral resistance is A. Capillaries B. Veins C. Large arteries D. Arterioles

In renal disease albumin appears in urine because: A. Of its high concentration in plasma B. Negative charges in the glomerular wall are dissipated C. High albumin: globulin ratio D. Tubular epithelial cells are sensitive to albumin

The phase of menstrual cycle occurring after ovulation is A. Proliferative phase B. Secretory phase C. Bleeding phase D. Midluteal phase

The receptor for thyroid hormones is located in A. Cell membrane B. Mitochondria C. Nucleus D. Extra cellular fluid

Corpus luteum in pregnancy is maintained by which hormone: A. Progesterone B. Oestrogen C. HCG D. FSH

Normal stroke volume is A. 70 to 80 dl/beat B. 70 to 80 ml/beat C. 70 to 80 lit/min D. 5 to 6 lit/min

The process of degeneration of peripheral nerve distal to the site of injury is termed A. Starling’s degeneration B. Marey’s degeneration C. Wallerian degeneration D. Brodmann’s degeneration

All are placental hormones EXCEPT A. HCS B. HCG C. Inhibin D. Progesterone

Type of hypoxia where cyanosis does NOT occur A. Anemic hypoxia B. Hypoxic hypoxia C. Histotoxic hypoxia D. Stagnant hypoxia

Condition where bone density increases due to defective bone resorption A. Rickets B. Adult rickets C. Osteopetrosis D. Osteogenesis imperfecta

21 What is the normal level of albumin in the blood? A. 0.3-0.7 g/dL B. 3.5-5.5 g/dL C. 1.5-4.5 g/dL D. 10-50 g/dL

In moderate exercise the respiratory rate is increased due to response of: A. Proprioception receptors in the joints B. Decreased pCO2 in arterial blood C. Increased pO2 in arterial blood D. J-receptor stimulation

Apneustic center is situated in A. Pons B. Medulla C. Internal capsule D. Spinal cord

Most osmotically active intracellular cation is A. K+ B. Na+ C. Mg+2 D. Protein

Edema can develop due to A. Decrease in capillary hydrostatic pressure B. Increase in interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure C. Decrease in capillary oncotic pressure D. Decrease in interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure

The depolarization of hair cell is due to the influx of A. Sodium ion B. Potassium ion C. Calcium ion D. Magnesium ion

Extensive liver damage results in reduction of the following plasma proteins EXCEPT A. Albumin B. Gamma globulin C. Beta globulin D. Fibrinogen

Which of the following does not form a filtration barrier in nephrons: A. Podocytes B. Mesangium C. Endothelial cell D. Basement membrane

Chronaxie is increased when A. Excitability of tissue is low B. Threshold of excitation is decreased C. Local excitatory state is present D. Membrane potential is near firing level

Presbyopia is caused by lens A. Opacity B. Hardening C. Fluidity D. Laxity

Which of the following triggers muscle contraction A. Ca binding to tropomyosin B. Ca binding to troponin C C. ATP breakdown D. Ca binding to troponin I

The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration is A. Tidal volume B. Functional Residual capacity C. Vital capacity D. Total lung capacity

The pain due to the inflammation of appendix felt around the umbilicus is an example for A. Referred pain B. Visceral pain C. Somatic pain D. Slow pain

What is the neurotransmitter secreted by neuron of substantia nigra A. Acetylcholine B. Dopamine C. Histamine D. Gamma amino butyric acid

Left shift of oxygen dissociation curve is due to A. Increased temperature B. Decreased pH C. Increased 2,3 - DPG D. Myoglobin

All of the following hormones cause hyperglycemia EXCEPT A. Glucagon B. Epinephrine C. Cortisol D. Insulin

21 Which of the following durations is normal for the P-R interval? A. 0.04 to 0.08 s B. 0.08 to 0.16 s C. 0.12 to 0.2 s D. 0.16 to 0.24 s

In muscle contraction all are true except: A. A band remains unchanged B. H zone disappears C. I band becomes wider D. Two Z lines come closer