Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of SurgeryPharmacology Previous Year Question Papers

Therapeutic uses of Anticholinesterases

Inhalational glucocorticoids in Bronchial asthma

Selective estrogen receptor modulators.

Amphotericin B

Phenytoin.

Cotrimoxazole

British Antilewisite (BAL)

Osmotic Laxatives

Succinylcholine.

Pharmacogenetics

Thiazide Diuretics

Iron preparations.

Furosemide.

Chelating agents.

Heparin

Mast cell stabilizers

Therapeutic uses and adverse effects of Alpha Blockers

Mechanism of action and Adverse effects cyclophosphamide

Cardio selective beta blockers

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of combined use of Antimicrobials.

Explain the mechanism of action and adverse effects of chloroquine. Add a note on its current status in the treatment of malaria.

What is microsomal enzyme induction? Explain its consequences with any two examples

Sufonylureas – Mechanism of action and uses.

First line Antitubercular drugs.

Long acting insulin preparations.

Merits and demerits of Intravenous(IV) route of drug administration.

Tetracyclines.

Adverse effects and contraindications of beta blockers

1. Mechanism of action, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of Rifampicin

Therapeutic uses of Tetracyclines

Mechanism of action, advantages and adverse effects of Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors)

A 53 year old man presented with complaints of chest tightness and pain while climbing stairs, relieved after rest. A diagnosis of exertional angina was made. He was prescribed glyceryl trinitrate. a) Explain the mechanism of action of glyceryl trinitrate in angina pectoris b) What are the adverse effects of glyceryl trinitrate?

Define Bioavailability of a drug. Explain four drug related factors affecting bioavailability

Uses and adverse effects of First generation antihistamines

Plasma half life of drugs.

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors

Zidovudine (AZT)

A 34 year old woman is suffering from urinary tract infection. Urine culture report shows E. Coli infection which is sensitive to gentamicin a) Explain the mechanism of action of gentamicin b) Mention the adverse effects of gentamicin

Explain the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of succinylcholine.

Mention three Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy (ACT) regimens for uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Discuss the advantages of ACT regimens.

ACE inhibitors

Mention any three Atropine substitutes and explain their therapeutic uses

Carbimazole.

Therapeutic uses and adverse effects of propranolol

Amikacin.

Therapeutic uses of Atropine

Ciprofloxacin.

Anti H-pylori regimen in peptic ulcer.

Methods of prolonging drug action

2. Therapeutic uses of Glucocorticoids

List the common properties of Aminoglycoside antibiotics

a) Enumerate the advantages of Low molecular weight heparins

Mention any three groups of antiplatelet agents giving an example for each. Mention the uses of antiplatelet drugs

Cardiovascular actions of Adrenaline

Sympathomimetic Bronchodilators

Treatment of Organophosphorus poisoning

Mechanism of action, Uses and adverse effects Bisphosphonates

Write briefly on the management of Paracetamol poisoning.

Write the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of Dapsone.

Insulin preparations. Describe the adverse effects of insulin.

Morphine

Write the mechanism of action and therapeutic uses of Benzodiazepines

Morphine and its uses

High ceiling diuretics

Discuss the management of organophosphorous Poisoning

Mechanism of action, Advantages and Disadvantages of Radioactive Iodine

Third generation cephalosporins

Compare and contrast Propylthiouracil and Carbimazole

A 65 year old patient presented with headache, giddiness and palpitations. He had no other neurological symptoms. His Blood pressure was 280/148 mm of Hg. Discuss the drug treatment of hypertensive emergencies

Compare and contrast Physostigmine and Neostigmine

Diclofenac sodium.

Fibrinolytics

Osmotic purgatives

Mechanism of action and Adverse effects of Sulphonylureas

Mention four low molecular weight heparins. Write their advantages over unfractionated heparin.

Discuss the general toxicities of Anticancer drugs.

Write briefly on disease modifying antirheumatoid drugs.

Thiopentone sodium

Write the mechanism of action, adverse effects and therapeutic uses of Sodium Valproate

Salbutamol.

Write mechanism of action and therapeutic uses of Warfarin sodium

Mechanism of action and uses of Tetracycline.

Diazepam

Insulin preparations

Radioactive Iodine (l¹³¹).

Low molecular weight heparin.

Therapeutic uses of atropine substitutes

Pharmacological actions, Uses and adverse effects of Nifedipine

A surgeon sustained a needle stick injury while operating, following which, the patient was tested for HIV which was reported as positive. a) Mention one drug regimen used for post exposure prophylaxis of HIV infection b) What is the time limit to initiate therapy?

Mechanism of action, precautions and Uses of Radioactive Iodine

Pharmacological actions and adverse effects of Aspirin

Isoniazid (INH)

Therapeutic uses of Beta Blockers.

Intravenous route of drug administration

Pharmacotherapy of Status asthmaticus (ACUTE SEVERE ASTHMA)

Enumerate the therapeutic uses and Adverse effects of glucocorticoids

Drug tolerance

Write the mechanism of action, advantages and disadvantages of Radioactive Iodine

Antimetabolites

Management of organophosphate (OP) poisoning

Discuss the various techniques of local anaesthesia

Discuss about therapeutic uses and adverse effects of -adrenergic blockers

Inhaled glucocorticoids

Tetracycline.

Uses and adverse effects of Statins.

Radical cure of vivax malaria.

Disease Modifying Anti-Rheumatoid Drugs (DMARDs)

Mechanism of action, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of Vinca Alkaloids

Acyclovir

Mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of Methotrexate

Discuss HAART (Highly active anti retroviral therapy)

Metoclopramide

A married 28 year old lady having a 4 year old child is requesting for Oral contraceptive pill. Which type of oral contraceptive pill will you prescribe? What are the contraindications and adverse effects of oral contraceptive pills?

A 20-year-old student with Type 1 Diabetes mellitus presenting to hospital was diagnosed with diabetic ketoacidosis. Explain the pharmacotherapy of diabetic ketoacidosis.

Enumerate Statins. Write about mechanism of action and indication of Statins.

A 25-year-old computer engineer presents with episodes of unilateral pulsatile headache preceded by photophobia and vomiting for the past few months. A diagnosis of Migraine was made. She was prescribed Sumatriptan. Explain the mechanism of action and contraindications for Triptans

Second generation antihistaminics.

Discuss methods of prolonging duration of action of a drug with suitable examples

Drug therapy of Glaucoma

Halothane

Fluoroquinoles – MOA and uses.

Methods of prolonging the action of drugs

Role of Nitroglycerine in the management of Myocardial Infarction

A 65 year old patient admitted with Myocardial infarction complains of breathlessness, worse on lying down, cough with blood tinged sputum. The physician made a diagnosis of acute pulmonary oedema and decided to administer Furosemide. Describe the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects Furosemide

Mechanism of action, Therapeutic uses and Adverse effects of Cyclosporine

A 38 year old patient after surgery for fracture femur is given Metoclopramide for antiemetic action. a) Explain the rationale of using metoclopramide in this patient. b) Write its adverse effects and uses.

Technique and applications of Local Anaesthetics.

Halothane - advantages and disadvantages

Mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of Warfarin

Explain the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of Organic nitrates

 blockers

A 52-year-old lady, a known asthmatic presents to the hospital with acute breathlessness and wheeze. A diagnosis of Status asthmaticus (Acute severe asthma) was made. Discuss the pharmacotherapy of Status asthmaticus (Acute severe asthma)

Drugs used in treatment of Scabies.

Thyroxine

Uses of propranolol.

Uses and adverse effects of Rifampicin.

Intravenous general anaesthetics

A 40 year old businessman presents with complaints of dyspepsia and epigastric pain. Endoscopy revealed Peptic ulcer. He was prescribed pantoprazole. a) Explain the rationale of using pantoprazole in this patient. b) Write its uses and adverse effects

A 78 year old patient presents to hospital with pain and swelling in the calf region of right leg. He was bed ridden for 3 months following a surgery. Detailed investigation revealed Deep vein thrombosis. After initial therapy with Heparin, he was discharged with a prescription of Warfarin. a) What is the rationale of using Warfarin in this patient? b) List the adverse effects and therapeutic uses of Warfarin.

Mechanism of action and uses of Digoxin

Mechanism of action and Therapeutic uses of Potassium sparing Diuretics

A 30 year old patient is brought to hospital with delusional beliefs, auditory hallucinations, restlessness, disturbed sleep and inappropriate behaviour. She was diagnosed to be suffering from schizophrenia and prescribed Olanzapine. a) Explain the rationale of using Olanzapine in this patient. b) Write its advantages over conventional antipsychotics.

Pharmacotherapy of shock.

Antitussives

Mention Four Thiazide diuretics. Enumerate the uses and adverse effects of thiazide diuretics?

Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs)

A 50-year-old patient was diagnosed with pulmonary embolism in the hospital. He was started on Heparin infusion. Write the rationale of using Heparin in this patient. Write the uses and adverse effects of Heparin.

Explain the mechanism of action, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of metronidazole.

Write the mechanism of action and therapeutic uses of Omeprazole

Diethyl Carbamazine (DEC).

Pharmacotherapy of Chemotherapy induced vomiting.

Semi synthetic penicillins.

Aminoglycosides and its uses.

A 45 year old man presents with sad mood, low energy and loss of interest and pleasure. The psychiatrist diagnosed him to be suffering from depression and prescribed Fluoxetine. a) Explain the rationale of using fluoxetine in this patient. b) Write its other therapeutic uses and adverse effects.

A 70 year old male presents to hospital with acute breathlessness. He has pedal oedema, engorged neck and distended abdomen. A diagnosis of heart failure was made. Frusemide was administered to this patient. a) Explain the rationale of using frusemide in this patient. b) Enumerate its adverse effects and other therapeutic uses.

Adverse effects and contraindications of Oral contraceptive pills

Mechanism of action, Uses and Adverse effects of Clomiphene citrate

d-Penicillamine

Uterine relaxants (Tocolytics)

Omeprazole

Describe the drugs used in the treatment of Open Angle Glaucoma.

Write therapeutic uses and adverse effects of enalapril

Metformin.

Warfarin

Azole antifungals.

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI).

Advantages and disadvantages of radioactive iodine.

Plasma half life

Uses and adverse effects of Insulin

Uses of Benzodiazepines.

Uses of glucocorticoids

Parenteral iron preparation

Dapsone.

Write therapeutic uses and adverse effects of carbamazepine

Vinca Alkaloids.

Competitive neuromuscular blockers

Prostaglandin analogues

Succinyl choline

Oral iron preparations.

Prokinetics agents

Transdermal drug delivery system

An 18 year old female patient is brought to hospital in an unconscious state following accidental drug overdose. Which of the following route is desirable for administering the antidote for this patient? A. Oral B. Transdermal C. Intravenous D. Subcutaneous

All the following drugs are used for treatment of Hypertensive emergencies EXCEPT A. Sodium Nitroprusside B. Esmolol C. Glyceryl Trinitrate D. Adrenaline

The oral antidiabetic agent that rarely causes hypoglycemia is A. Metformin B. Glimepiride C. Glibenclamide D. Tolbutamide

The therapeutic index of a drug indicates its A. Safety B. Efficacy C. Potency D. All of the above

Which of the following receptor is located intracellularly A. Opioid receptor B. Steroid receptor C. Dopamine receptor D. GABA receptor

The following drug improves urine outflow in patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy A. Nifedipine B. Prazosin C. Atenolol D. Methyldopa

A woman in the 28th week of pregnancy has developed pregnancy induced hypertension. Her blood pressure is150/100 mm Hg. Select the most appropriate antihypertensive drug for her A. Furosemide B. Methyldopa C. Propranolol D. Captopril

Which of the following drug is a direct renin inhibitor used as an antihypertensive A. Atenolol B. Aliskerin C. Amiloride D. Amlodipine

Which of the following is a prodrug? A. Hydralazine B. Levodopa C. Paracetamol D. Aspirin

Which of the following is an adverse effect streptokinase A. Bleeding B. Infection C. Respiratory Failure D. Alopecia

One of the following statements is TRUE regarding Octreotide A. Stimulate growth hormone secretion B. Used in secretory diarrheas associated with Carcinoid C. Contraindicated in Acromegaly D. Given by oral route

Which of the following drug undergoes Hofmann elimination? A. Atracurium B. Pancuronium C. Vecuronium D. Rocuronium

Nicotinic receptor is A. Ligand gated ion channel B. G protein coupled C. Tyrosine kinase linked D. Intra-cellular

Rebound hypertension on sudden withdrawal of medication is associated with A. Hydrochlorothiazide B. Prazosin C. Clonidine D. Lisinopril

Which of the following is an Inodilator used in Heart failure? A. Dobutamine B. Milrinone C. Ephedrine D. Phenylephrine

All of the following combinations are used to treat Hypertension EXCEPT A. Amlodipine + Lisinopril B. Lisinopril + Hydrochlorthiazide C. Losartan + Amlodipine D. Verapamil+ Propranolol

Apraclonidine is a congener of clonidine used for A. Pain relief B. Reducing Blood pressure C. Reducing intraocular tension D. Reducing blood glucose

Propranolol is a suitable antihypertensive in patients with co-existing A. Anxiety B. Peripheral vascular disease C. Bronchial Asthma D. Decompensated Heart failure

The Calcium channel blocker with anti-arrhythmic action is A. Nifedipine B. Nicardipine C. Amlodipine D. Verapamil

The mydriatic with quickest and briefest action is A. Atropine B. Homatropine C. Cyclopentolate D. Tropicamide

Propranolol is avoided in which one of the following conditions A. Hypertension B. Ischemic heart disease C. Cardiac arrhythmias D. Bronchial asthma

Antidote for Heparin overdose is A. Sodium sulfate B. Magnesium sulfate C. Protamine sulfate D. Copper sulfate

Diuretics are suitable antihypertensives in patients with coexisting A. Gout B. Dyslipidemia C. Isolated systolic Hypertension D. Pregnancy induced Hypertension

The drug useful in treating Biliary colic is A. Neostigmine B. Pilocarpine C. Nitroglycerine D. Physostigmine

Atropine produces all the following actions EXCEPT A. Tachycardia B. Dryness of mouth C. Mydriasis D. Urinary incontinence

Tranexamic acid is used to control bleeding in A. Epistaxis B. Heart Failure C. Bronchial Asthma D. Pneumonia

The drug which is a potassium channel opener and nitric oxide donor is A. Trimetazidine B. Nicorandil C. Diltiazem D. Sodium nitroprusside

Ethanol is administered in methanol poisoning to A. Correct acidosis caused by formic acid B. Prevent seizures due to methanol C. Compete with methanol for alcohol dehydrogenase D. Increase generation of formaldehyde

Which of the following is a prodrug of adrenaline used in glaucoma A. Brimonidine B. Dipivefrine C. Phenylephrine D. Pilocarpine

Hydrochlorothiazide can cause A. Hearing loss B. Hyperkalemia C. Hypocalcemia D. Hyperglycemia

Which of the following is a non-cardiac use of Nifedipine A. Tocolytic B. Glaucoma C. Thyroid storm D. Essential tremor

Primary indication for Recombinant human erythropoietin is A. Pulmonary embolism B. Coronary artery disease C. Deep vein thrombosis D. Chronic renal failure

A 8 year old boy was brought by the mother with momentary loss of consciousness. EEG shows spike and wave pattern. Pediatrician made a diagnosis of absence seizures. Which of the following drug is useful for absence seizures? A. Phenobarbitone B. Sodium Valproate C. Phenytoin D. Carbamazepine

Prostaglandin analogue useful in the treatment of postpartum haemorrhage is A. Carboprost B. Latanoprost C. Alprostadil D. Epoprostenol

Severe bleeding caused by fibrinolytic agents is preferably treated with A. Vitamin K B. Heparin C. Aspirin D. Epsilon aminocaproic acid

The agent which can reverse the sedative action of Benzodiazepines is A. Caffeine B. Doxapram C. Acetyl cysteine D. Flumazenil

The drug useful in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia is A. Paracetamol B. Carbamazepine C. Aspirin D. Morphine

Rapid Acting Insulin is A. Insulin Glargine B. Insulin Detemir C. Insulin Lispro D. Insulin Degludec

Drug used for delaying labour is A. Ergometrine B. Ritodrine C. Oxytocin D. Propranolol

Which of the following oral antidiabetic drug inhibits enzyme Dipeptidyl peptidase- 4 A. Metformin B. Glimeperide C. Acarbose D. Vildagliptin

Which of the following antipsychotic produces extrapyramidal side effects? A. Chlorpromazine B. Olanzapine C. Quetiapine D. Aripiprazole

Indication for Octreotide is A. Crohn's disease B. Irritable bowel syndrome C. Esophageal variceal bleeding D. Ulcerative Colitis

Which of the following is Potassium sparing diuretic? A. Furosemide B. Spironolactone C. Acetazolamide D. Hydrochlorothiazide

The standard drug therapy for Parkinson’s disease is A. Pyridoxine B. Dopamine C. Levodopa + Carbidopa D. Dopamine + Pyridoxine

Prolonged treatment with Lithium can cause A. Diabetes mellitus B. Goitre C. Gout D. Rheumatoid arthritis

Hypothalamo pituitary-adrenal axis suppression during long-term steroid therapy can be minimised by all the following measures EXCEPT A. Use of long acting steroids B. Use of steroids on alternate days C. Use of steroids for shortest duration D. Administering entire daily dose in the morning

Bisphosphonates are indicated in the following condition A. Pemphigus B. Epilepsy C. Steven’s Johnson syndrome D. Osteoporosis

Indication for Tamoxifen citrate is A. Female infertility B. Endometrial carcinoma C. Carcinoma breast D. Deep vein thrombosis

Which antihistaminic drug produces less central nervous system depressant activity? A. Diphenhydramine B. Pheniramine C. Promethazine D. Cetrizine

Which of the following inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis? A. Vancomycin B. Tetracyclines C. Erythromycin D. Streptomycin

Which one of the following Antitubercular drug is known to cause visual defects A. Isoniazid B. Rifampicin C. Pyrazinamide D. Ethambutol

The prostaglandin analogue used in Peptic ulcer disease is A. Misoprostol B. Carboprost C. Latanoprost D. Travoprost

A 35 year old woman is suffering from severe migraine. The migraine gets relieved by sumatriptan. Which drug is appropriate for prophylaxis of migraine? A. Dihydroergotamine B. Ibuprofen C. Propranolol D. Paracetamol

A premature neonate suffering from a respiratory infection received high doses of an antibiotic. Over the next two days his condition worsened, he became dull, stopped feeding, developed abdominal distention, became hypotonic and hypothermic. An ashen gray cyanosis developed. A diagnosis of Gray baby syndrome was made. Which of the following antimicrobial agent is responsible for this neonatal syndrome: A. Ampicillin B. Chloramphenicol C. Erythromycin D. Ciprofloxacin

Which of the following inhibits bacterial protein synthesis? A. Penicillins B. Erythromycin C. Cephalosporins D. Vancomycin

Which of the following is a common property of Aminoglycoside antibiotics? A. They are primarily active against aerobic gram negative bacilli B. They are more active in acidic medium C. They are all absorbed orally D. They are completely metabolized in liver

Which of the following drug cannot be administered by inhalational route in asthma A. Montelukast B. Ipratropium bromide C. Budesonide D. Salbutamol

Combined use of Antimicrobials is indicated in all of the following conditions EXCEPT A. Ascariasis B. Leprosy C. HIV D. Tuberculosis

The anti-influenza drug that acts by inhibiting the viral neuraminidase enzyme is A. Acyclovir B. Oseltamivir C. Adefovir D. Nevirapine

The class of drug NOT used in the treatment of bronchial asthma is A. Beta 2 agonists B. Corticosteroids C. Methylxanthines D. Cholinesterase inhibitors

Dextromethorphan is an A. Analgesic B. Antitussive C. Expectorant D. Antihistaminic

In the multidrug therapy of leprosy, Rifampin is given A. Daily B. On alternate days C. Weekly D. Monthly

All the following antibiotics are obtained from fungi EXCEPT A. Penicillin B. Cephalosporin C. Griseofulvin D. Colistin

‘Red man syndrome’ is associated with rapid intravenous injection of the following antibiotic A. Vancomycin B. Clindamycin C. Cefoperazone D. Piperacillin

An anti-emetic can be used in a conscious patient suffering from poisoning due to all the following EXCEPT A. Iron B. Diazepam C. Kerosene D. Paracetamol

Oral vancomycin is indicated in the following condition A. Tuberculosis B. Typhoid C. Malaria D. MRSA infection

The antineoplastic drug which is a mitotic inhibitor and causes metaphase arrest is A. Procarbazine B. Doxorubicin C. Vincristine D. Methotrexate

Oral rehydration therapy has one of the following beneficial effects A. Stops diarrhoea B. Restores hydration and electrolyte balance C. Hastens the clearance of enteropathogens D. Avoids the need for specific antimicrobial therapy

Which antiemetic is used to inhibit levodopa induced vomiting without blocking its antiparkinsonian effect A. Dicyclomine B. Domperidone C. Itopride D. Ondansetron

Folinic acid is used in the treatment of toxicity due to A. Methotrexate B. Digoxin C. Cyclophosphamide D. Iron

Which of the following Aminoglycoside is a first line anti-tubercular drug A. Kanamycin B. Gentamicin C. Streptomycin D. Netilmycin

The drug of choice for tropical eosinophilia is A. Carbamazepine B. Diethylcarbamazine C. Carbimazole D. Clomiphene citrate

Essential drugs are A. Life saving drugs B. Inert drugs C. Drugs that meet the priority health care needs of the population D. Drugs that have no therapeutic use

Which antileprotic drug is indicated in lepra reaction A. Dapsone B. Rifampin C. Clofazimine D. Minocycline

The drug preferred in the treatment of psoriasis is A. Calcipotriol B. Mupirocin C. Miconazole D. Silver sulfadiazine

Drug used in treatment of scorpion sting is A. Pralidoxime B. Pramipexole C. Prazosin D. Propylthiouracil

An Orphan Drug is A. Low cost drug B. Inert drug C. Drug for rare disease/condition D. An essential drug

Chloroquine is used in all the following conditions EXCEPT A. Malaria B. Extraintestinal Amoebiasis C. Rheumatoid arthritis D. Filariasis

Anti-cancer drug that causes disruption of mitotic spindle A. 6-Mercaptopurine B. Cisplatin C. Methotrexate D. Vincristine

Orally effective drug in scabies is A. Permethrin B. Ivermectin C. Benzoyl peroxide D. Crotamiton

Classify glucocorticoids. Enumerate their uses and adverse effects

Discuss the factors modifying drug action with suitable examples.

Define Drug antagonism. Discuss the different types of drug antagonism with suitable examples.

Classify Penicillins. Write the mechanism of action and uses of Amoxicillin.

Define Biotransformation. Explain the phases with examples.

Classify β-lactam antibiotics. Describe the mechanism of action, adverse effects and uses of Penicillin-G.

a) Classify Antihypertensive drugs. b) Discuss the cardiovascular actions of Calcium channel Blockers c) Enumerate the Uses of Calcium channel blockers

Define Bioavailability. Explain the factors affecting bioavailability.

a) Discuss the endocrinal and non-endocrinal uses of corticosteroids. b) Write the measures to minimize HPA axis (hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis) suppression during corticosteroid therapy.

Classify antitubercular drugs. Write the mechanism of action and adverse effects of Isoniazid.

Classify antianginal drugs. Discuss the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of Nitrates.

Define Bioavailability. Discuss the factors affecting bioavailability of a drug administered orally.

Classify Glucocorticoids. Write the uses and adverse effects of Glucocorticoids.

Discuss the factors modifying Drug response with suitable examples

Classify antianginal drugs. Write mechanism of action, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of glyceryl trinitrate

Classify antithyroid drugs. Write mechanism of action, uses and side effects of Propylthiouracil.

Classify Antihypertensive drugs. Write the mechanism of action, uses and side effects of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme inhibitors.

Discuss the factors modifying drug action.

Enumerate Anti-Tubercular drugs. Describe the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of Isoniazid.

Enumerate the various routes of drug administration giving one example for each. Write the advantages and disadvantages of Oral route.

Classify antihypertensive drugs. Explain mechanism of action, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEI).

Classify oral antidiabetic drugs. Explain mechanism of action, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of Sulfonylureas.

Define Bioavailability. Discuss various factors that affect Bioavailability

Classify Penicillins. Describe the mechanism of action, adverse effects and therapeutic uses of Benzyl Penicillin

Classify oral antidiabetic drugs. Write the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of Sulfonylureas.

a) Enlist different groups of Semisynthetic Penicillins giving one example for each b) Write the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of Amoxicillin

A 52 year old obese male attended endocrinology department with polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia and generalized weakness. His random blood sugar is 200 mg%, HbA1c is 8%. He is not on any other medication. He was diagnosed to be suffering from Type-2 diabetes mellitus a) Classify Oral Antidiabetic drugs with suitable examples b) Explain the mechanism of action and enumerate the adverse effects of Metformin c) Outline the drug treatment of Diabetic Ketoacidosis

A 75 year old patient presents with defective gait and posture, mask like face and Sialorrhoea. On examination, he had rigidity, tremors and hypokinesia. He was diagnosed to be suffering from Parkinsonism. a) Classify Antiparkinsonian drugs with suitable examples b) Discuss the Pharmacological actions and adverse effects of Levodopa

Classify drugs used in the treatment of Glaucoma. Write mechanism of action, uses and side effects of prostaglandins analogues.

Classify adrenergic drugs. Enumerate the uses and adverse effects of adrenaline.

Classify oral antidiabetic drugs. Discuss the mechanism of action and adverse effects of Sulfonylureas.

A 20 year old male reported to a hospital with fever, accompanied by chills and rigors, headache and fatigue. Blood smear examination shows presence of plasmodium Falciparum parasite. A diagnosis of //Falciparum// Flaciparum Malaria was made. a) Classify Antimalarial drugs b) Describe the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of Chloroquine

Classify anticholinesterases. Explain the uses and adverse effects of Neostigmine.

A 48 year old executive was diagnosed with essential hypertension during his annual health screening. He was prescribed Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEIs). a) Enumerate four ACEIs. b) Write the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of ACEIs.

Enumerate glucocorticoids. Describe the uses and adverse effects of glucocorticoids.

Classify antiepileptic drugs. Discuss the adverse effects and therapeutic uses of Phenytoin.

A forty-five-year-old farmer was brought to the hospital with breathlessness, lacrimation, bowel and bladder incontinence. A diagnosis of Organophosphorous poisoning was made. a) Outline the management of this patient. b) Mention the specific antidotes useful in this patient and explain the rationale of using them

Classify antitubercular drugs. Explain mechanism of action, therapeutic uses and adverse effect Rifampicin.

Enumerate the commonly used Antiepileptic drugs. Describe the treatment of Status Epilepticus

Define Bioavailability. Discuss the factors affecting bioavailability of drugs with suitable examples

Classify drugs used in treatment of Peptic ulcer. Write mechanism of action, uses and side effects of Proton pump inhibitors.

Enumerate the various routes of drug administration giving one example for each. Write four advantages and four disadvantages of Intravenous route.

Classify antihypertensive drugs. Write the therapeutic uses and adverse effects of Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors

Classify drugs used in Tuberculosis. Discuss the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of Rifampicin.

Classify Opioid analgesics. Write the uses, adverse effects and contraindications of Morphine.

Discuss the factors affecting the biotransformation of drugs with suitable examples.

Classify Penicillins. Explain mechanism of action, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of Penicillin G.

Classify Antihypertensives. Enumerate the uses and adverse effects of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors

A 22 year old unresponsive and unconscious man is brought to hospital. His heart rate is 60 per minute, blood pressure is 90/60 mm of Hg and respiratory rate is 10 per minute. He has pinpoint pupils. The treating doctor made a diagnosis of Morphine poisoning. a) Write the drug treatment for Morphine poisoning b) Write the central nervous system actions, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of morphine

A 58 year old known diabetic was brought to hospital with mental confusion, vomiting, pain abdomen and rapid breathing. He had fruit scented breath. His Random blood sugar was 320 mg/dl with ketone bodies in the urine. He was diagnosed to be suffering from Diabetic ketoacidosis. a) Outline the management of this patient b) Mention the adverse effects of Insulin c) Enumerate the therapeutic uses of Insulin

Classify antitubercular drugs. Describe the mechanism of action uses and adverse effects of Rifampicin.

A 14 year old thinly built boy presented with polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria, fatigue and weakness. His Fasting blood Sugar was 198 mg/dl, Post prandial blood sugar was 225 mg/dl, HbA1c was 9%. He is diagnosed to be suffering from Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. a) Classify Insulin preparations based on their duration of action b) Discuss the Uses and adverse effects of Insulin

a) Classify the drugs used in the treatment of Tuberculosis with examples b) Describe the mechanism of action, therapeutic uses, adverse effects of Rifampicin

Name three FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS

Levodopa.

Tachyphylaxis

Name three Antiseptics

Mention three drugs used in Lepra reactions

Name three Calcium Channel Blockers

Explain the rationale of combining Amoxicillin with Clavulanic acid

Oxytocin.

Mention three drugs used in Typhoid fever

Write three advantages of Azithromycin over Erythromycin

Name three antitussives

Mention three uses of Chloroquine

Bisphosphonates

Explain the concept of Essential medicines (drugs)

Name three skeletal muscle relaxants.

Mention three drugs used in glaucoma

First pass metabolism.

Name three iron preparations

Define a Prodrug; give two examples

What is therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)? Write two drugs requiring TDM

Rationale of using Angiotensin converting enzyme Inhibitors (ACE Inhibitors) in Heart failure?

Explain the rationale of using Digoxin in heart failure

What is Teratogenicity? Mention two drugs causing teratogenicity with their teratogenic effects

Explain the term first order kinetics with an example

Mention three uses of Dapsone

Name Three Oral Iron preparations

Name three live attenuated vaccines

Rationale of using Atropine in Organophosphorous compound poisoning

Name Three vitamin D preparations

List two Plasma expanders with their indications

List three classes of drugs with a suitable example for each used in Chronic simple (open angle) Glaucoma

Rationale of using latanoprost in Glaucoma

Rationale of combining Trimethoprim with Sulfamethoxazole

Mention the advantages of Liposomal Amphotericin B preparation

Rationale for combining Amoxicillin with Clavulanic acid

Rationale of using Morphine in acute pulmonary oedema

Superinfection

Mention three uses of Anticholineesterases.

Name three local anaesthetics

Define chemoprophylaxis. Give two example

Prazosin

Mention two thiazide diuretics. Explain the rationale of using thiazide diuretics in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

Octreotide

Nasal decongestants

Write three advantages of Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors over Tricyclic antidepressants

Name three antifungal drugs.

Mention three uses of Mannitol

What is Teratogenicity? Write two examples of proved teratogenic drugs

Treatment of Diabetic Ketoacidosis.

Treatment of methyl alcohol poisoning

Mention three Iron preparations

Mention three drugs used in prophylaxis of Migraine

Management of status asthmaticus.

Mention four techniques of local anaesthesia

Complications of spinal anaesthesia.

Name three disinfectants.

Write the mechanism of action of local anaesthetics

What is diffusion Hypoxia? How is it prevented?

Why Tetracyclines are contraindicated in pregnancy?

Write two uses of tetracyclines. Why tetracyclines are contraindicated in young children?

Name two statins. Why is statin not combined with fibrates?

Write two adverse effects of Phenytoin. Why is phenytoin contraindicated in pregnancy?

Mention three drugs used in Leprosy

Name three non-depolarising muscle relaxants.

List three fibrates used as hypolipidemic agents

Mention the uses and adverse effects of amiodarone.

Name four azole antifungal drugs. Explain their mechanism of action.

Sublingual route

Write the rationale of using Morphine in acute left ventricular failure

Name three drugs used in the treatment of Congestive Heart failure

Pencillamine.

Define drug synergism; give two examples

Rationale of using Morphine in Acute left ventricular failure.

Write three HMG CoA reductase inhibitors

Nasal decongestant.

Anti tussive.

Name three cardio selective beta blockers

Explain the rationale of using Diazepam in Insomnia

Mention three advantages of Azithromycin over Erythromycin

Mention two adverse effects of INH? Rationale of combining INH with pyridoxine?

Three contraindications for the use of Enalapril

Write three nondepolarising skeletal muscle relaxants

Mention three uses of Cyclosporine

Factors affecting Bioavailability.

Mention three uses of benzodiazepines

Name three systemic antifungal drugs

What is the rationale of using Metronidazole in Pseudomembranous enterocolitis

Mention two nonbenzodiazepine sedative hypnotics. Write their advantages over benzodiazepines.

Write three uses of Cotrimoxazole

Explain the adverse effects of chloramphenicol.

Mention four sedative hypnotics.

Aspirin causes gastric mucosal damage. Explain

List three drugs used in Migraine therapy.

Name three nasal decongestants

Explain why adrenaline is used in treatment of anaphylactic shock

Inhaled steroids.

Mention three drugs obtained from plant sources

Name three alpha blockers

Mention three common toxicities of aminoglycoside antibiotics

Clofazimine.

Write three drugs used in Parkinson’s disease

Sodium nitroprusside.

Name three insulin preparations.

Name three antiepileptic drugs

Rationale of combining Lignocaine with Adrenaline

Rationale of using Vancomycin in Pseudomembranous enterocolitis. Write two other uses of Vancomycin.

Mention three live attenuated vaccines

Mention three uses of Chloroquine other than malaria.

Three drugs used in Choloroquine resistant falciparum malaria

Name two anti-motility drugs. Why are they contraindicated in Shigella dysentery?

Mention three drugs used in Osteoporosis

Advantages and disadvantages of Inhalation route.

Name three drugs obtained from animal sources

Combined oral contraceptive pill

Mention three protease inhibitors used in HIV infection

Uses of ethyl alcohol

Write the goals of antibiotic stewardship program in a hospital

Write the differences between ampicillin and amoxicillin.

Plasma expanders

Name three killed vaccines.

Name three drugs used in Hypertensive emergencies

Drugs used in myasthenia gravis

Doxorubicin.

Rationale of combining Spironolactone with furosemide

Mention three Macrolide antibiotics

Name three uses of Penicillamine.

Mention three Atropine substitutes

Prodrugs.

Name three antimicrobial agents used in enteric fever.

Name three antipsychotic drugs

Mention three disadvantages of using Liquid Paraffin as a Purgative

Mention three drugs used in Acne Vulgaris

Mention three drugs used in the treatment of leprosy

Mention three general toxicities of Aminoglycoside antibiotics

Write Two advantages and Two disadvantages of selective Cox 2 inhibitors

Mechanism of prolongation of drug action.

Mention three contraindications for Morphine

Name three bronchodilators

Short course chemotherapy regimen for a newly diagnosed drug sensitive pulmonary tuberculosis

Uses of morphine.

Sulphonylureas

Uses of Diazepam

Rationale of using Ondansetron in cancer chemotherapy induced vomiting

Uses and adverse effect of Allopurinol.

Mention three antiarrhythmic drugs

Define prodrug. Write two examples of prodrug

Mechanism of action of Protease inhibitors.

Mention three drugs used in Heart failure

Mention three Chelating agents

Name three drugs used in Rheumatoid arthritis.

Write three differences between Heparin and Warfarin

List the uses of Ethanol.

List three drugs used in Bronchial asthama.

Explain the rationale of using ethyl alcohol in methyl alcohol poisoning

Rationale of using Paracetamol in fever

Mention three Advantages of Albendazole over Mebendazole

Mention three antimicrobials used in urinary tract infection

Name two statins. Explain why is it beneficial to take statins in the Night?

Rationale of using Digoxin in heart failure

Name two selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs); mention one use

Mention three uses of antihistaminics

Rationale of combining Piperacillin with Tazobactum

What are the advantages of fluoxetine over imipramine?

Write three advantages of Liposomal Amphotericin B

Pharmacotherapy of glaucoma

Mention three advantages of Halothane as general anaesthetic agent

Rationale of combining amoxicillin and Clavulanic acid.

Enumerate benefits of levodopa-carbidopa combination

Vitamin D

Explain why tetracyclines are contraindicated in pregnancy

Name three drugs used in Migraine.

Mention three antidepressants

Uses of antiplatelet drugs.

Enumerate three chelating agents and their uses.

Mention three drugs used in Parkinson’s disease

Write three mucolytics

Mention three advantages of Low molecular weight Heparins

Name three Insulin analogues.

Mention three measures to be taken to prevent the development of antimicrobial drug resistance

Mention three uses of Vitamin D

Adverse effects of Phenytoin.

Mention three drugs used in the management of hypertensive emergencies

Oral rehydrating salt (ORS)

Explain why orally administered Vit B12 is not effective in pernicious anemia

Uses for anticholinergics.

List three different groups of antimicrobials used in typhoid fever

Uses of prostaglandins.

Name three drugs obtained from plant sources

Three uses of Vitamin C.

Name three competitive neuromuscular blockers

Name three antihelminthic drugs.

Mention three drugs used for Pre-anaesthetic medication

Prodrugs- Define and give two examples

Mention three antiviral drugs

Name three vaccines.

Mention three Nasal decongestants

List three anthelmintic drugs.

Write three drugs used in Myasthenia gravis

Write two uses of Enalapril. Why Enalapril is contraindicated in pregnancy?

Mention three uses of Metronidazole

Rationale of using Nitrates in Cyanide poisoning

What are advantages of Liposomal Amphotericin–B?

Write three uses of Calcium Disodium edetate

Uses of Alpha Blockers.

Mention three drugs used in the treatment of Gout

Write Three uses of Ivermectin

Mention three groups of drugs with suitable examples used in prophylaxis of angina pectoris.

List three different preparations of Vitamin-D

Uric acid synthesis inhibitors.

Mention four adverse effects of Amiodarone.

List three uses of Dimercaprol

Mention three drugs used for Insomnia

Write the medical uses of ethanol

Hydroxy chloroquine.

Name three hypolipidemic drugs

Mention three drugs causing microsomal enzyme induction

Name three Prokinetic drugs

Leukotriene antagonists.

Name any three drugs used in Glaucoma.

Name three drugs used in Heart Failure.

List three anti retroviral drugs.

Write three drugs used in Congestive Heart Failure

Write three uses of d-Penicillamine

Write three indications for parenteral Iron therapy

What is Pseudomembranous enterocolitis? Name Two drugs used for its treatment.

Name three Prostaglandin analogues

Name three anticancer drugs

Name three atypical antipsychotics.

Classify antithyroid drugs with suitable examples.

What is transdermal therapeutic system? Mention two drugs given by this route.

Paracetamol poisoning.

Clinical significance of plasma protein binding of drugs

Name three hepatotoxic drugs.

Name three antiplatelet drugs

What is Iatrogenic disease? Give two examples

Treatment of Digoxin toxicity

Compare d-tubocurarine with Succinylcholine.

Name three prostaglandins analogues and their uses.

What is Superinfection? Mention two drugs causing this

Uses of Ivermectin

Prodrug.

Write three drugs used in Angina pectoris

Artemisinin – based combination therapy (ACT)

Name three newer antiepileptic drugs.

Explain the treatment of filariasis.

Drugs used in cardiogenic shock

List three antiseptics.

Mention three haematinics

Enumerate three drugs used in hypertensive emergencies

Laxatives.

Mention three drugs used for treating Schizophrenia

Write three uses of Diazepam

Mention three Tocolytics

Artemisinin derivatives.

Write three advantages of benzodiazepines over barbiturates

Rationale of combining carbidopa and levodopa in treatment of Parkinsonism.

Oral rehydration salt and its uses.