Physiology Previous Year Question Papers

Which of the following is a type of glial cell in the brain? a) Purkinje cells b) Basket cells c) Stellate cells d) Ependymal cells

Abnormal Hb is a) Hb F b) Hb A c) Hb S d) Embryonic Hb

Responsible for milk ejection or milk letdown a) Prolactin b) Prostaglandins c) Estrogens d) Oxytocin

The respiratory centers are located in a) cerebral cortex b) Hypothalamus c) Medulla d) spinal cord

Which of the following is not true about the parturition reflex? a) It is a neurohumoral reflex b) Oxytocin is the main hormone to induce uterine contraction c) Control of uterine contraction by oxytocin is an example of negative feedback regulation d) Estrogen increases the number and sensitivity of oxytocin receptors in the uterine muscle

All of the following are nuclear groups of basal ganglia, EXCEPT: a) Red nucleus b) Putamen c) Globus pallidus d) Caudate nucleus

In the kidney, Aldosterone mainly acts upon a) Proximal convoluted tubule b) Loop of Henle c) Glomerulus d) Collecting duct

Center for Procedural Memory (a subdivision of implicit memory) that includes skills and habits a) Neocortex b) Striatum c) Amygdala d) Cerebellum

Which of the following is not the function of relaxin? a) Inhibits uterine contraction b) Inhibits sperm motility c) Dilution of uterine cervix d) Relaxation of pubic symphysis

In upper motor neuron paralysis, a) Denervation potentials are seen in EMG b) Superficial reflexes are absent c) Nerve conduction is decreased d) Pronounced atrophy is observed

Clot retraction is a function of a) Fibrinogen b) Prothrombin c) Plasminogen d) Platelet

In which disorder, XO chromosomal pattern, the gonads are rudimentary or absent a) Klinefelter's syndrome b) Turner's syndrome c) Down's syndrome d) Testicular feminizing syndrome

Clotting time is normal in: a) Factor Ill deficiency b) hemophilia c) purpura d) factor XI deficiency

Ovulation is associated with a sudden preovulatory(surge) rise in a) GnRH and FSH b) Testosterone c) LH d) Oxygen

The muscle spindle a) Has Ib fiber a5 an afferent neuron b) Has flower-spray endings on the nuclear bag fiber c) Is stretched when gamma motor neuron is stimulated d) Gives force feedback to the muscle

How much sodium is normally reabsorbed in PCT? a) 67% b) 77% c) 97% d) 50%

Decidual cells are found in the a) Placenta b) Prostate c) Uterus d) Hypothalamus

Immunoglobulins are produced by a) neutrophil b) monocyte c) erythrocyte d) plasma cell

Single unit smooth muscle means a) Multiple fibers functioning as a single unit b) Single muscle cell c) Single stimulus to the muscle produces successive contractions d) Each muscle fiber contracts independently of other

Which of the following increases the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? a) Increase in hydrostatic pressure of Bowman's capsule b) Decrease in glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure c) Decrease in capillary permeability of d) Decrease in glomerular capillary oncotic pressure

Which of the following pituitary hormones is an opioid peptide? a) B-MSH b) ACTH c) Growth hormone d) B-Endorphin

Anaemia due to maturation defect is a) haemolytic anaemia b) microcytic anaemia c) normocytic anaemia d) megaloblastic anaemia

Main hormone in the luteal phase is a) Progesterone b) Estrogen c) Prolactin d) Relaxin

The content of which of the following gases is maximum in inspired air? a) Oxygen b) Nitrogen c) Carbon dioxide d) Carbon monoxide

First menstrual period is called a) Menopause b) Thelarche c) Adrenarche d) Menarche

Vitamin B12 absorption takes place mainly from: a) duodenum b) stomach c) ileum d) jejunum

Renshaw cell inhibition is an example of: a) Negative feedback inhibition b) Positive feedback inhibition c) Postsynaptic inhibition d) Feedforward inhibition

The hormones secreted in more quantity in the early part of pregnancy is a) Estrogen b) hCG c) Prolactin d) Relaxin

Loop of Henle handles the following EXCEPT: a) Na+ b) H+ c) Cl- d) Urea

Thyroid deficiency in children a) Down's syndrome b) Gigantism c) Ovarian agenesis d) Cretinism

Wedge pressure represents a) left atrial pressure b) right atrial pressure c) right ventricular pressure d) left ventricular pressure

Which is the best female contraceptive method after child birth, not desirous of further deliveries? a) IUD b) OCP c) Tubectomy d) Diaphragms

Normal ventilation-perfusion ratio is about a) 0.8 b) 1.2 c) 0.5 d)2.5

Spermatozoa are produced in a) Epididymis b) Seminal vesicles c) Seminiferous tubules d) Prostate gland

The true statement with regard to second heart sound is a) it coincides with the 'R' wave of E.C.G. b) it splits into two components during inspiration c) it is due to closure of AV Valves d) it makes the onset of ventricular systole

Estrogen mainly causes the development of components of the breast: a) Duct system b) Lobulo-alveolar system c) Parenchyma of breast d) Myoepithelial cells of the breast

Otolith organs are present in a) Semicircular canals b) Cochlea c) Lateral vestibular nucleus d) Saccule

Which of the following acts as a counter-current exchanger? a) Vasa recta b) Thick ascending limb of loop of Henle c) Thin descending limb of loop of Henle d) Collecting duct

Postpartum pituitary necrosis a) Nelson's syndrome b) Sheehan's syndrome c) Cushing's syndrome d) Kaspar Hauser syndrome

Lower motor neuron paralysis will not manifest as: a) Muscle hypertonia b) Muscle atrophy c) Depressed tendon reflexes d) Babinski no response or negative

Normal intraocular pressure is a) 10-20 mmHg b) 20-30 mmHg c) 30-40 mmHg d) 5-10 mmHg

The maximum volume of air that can be expired after a maximal inspiratory effort a) Vital capacity b) Tidal volume c) Expiratory reserve volume d) Residual volume

An androgen a) Corticosterone b) Transcortin c) Dihydroepiandrosterone d) Aldosterone

In a normal heart at rest, the Stroke Volume in ml is: a) 50-60 b) 70-80 c) 90-100 d) 110-120

All are true about inverse stretch reflex, EXCEPT: a) Receptor is GTO b) Afferent is ib fiber c) Afferent terminates on interneuron that contacts homonymous motoneuron d) Monosynaptic reflex

In Klinefelter's syndrome, a) Karyotype is XXX b) Tall male with small testes c) Dwarf with webbing of the neck d) Vagina ends in a blind pouch

Most important stimulus to peripheral chemoreceptors is a) Decreased PO₂ b) Decreased CO₂ c) Increased pH d) Increased HCO₃

Which of the following has the slowest conduction velocity? a) Aß fibers b) Ad fibers c) Aa fibers d) C fibers

Korotkoff sounds are produced a) by the heart b) during the recording of blood pressure c) in valvular defect d) during breathing

In sensory homunculus, which of the following body part is most represented? a) Face b) Neck c) Trunk d) Legs

Estrogen a) Causes growth of ducts of mammary gland b) Increases uterine blood flow c) Makes the cervical mucus thick and sticky d) Increases excitability uterine muscle

The conduction velocity is lowest in a) HIS bundle b) SA node c) Ventricular muscle d) Internodal pathways

Calcitriol is converted to the more active metabolite calcitriol in a) Adipose tissue b) Intestine c) Kidneys d) Liver

The amount of plasma that enters Bowman's capsule per minute is the a) glomerular filtration rate b) renal plasma flow c) renal fraction d) renal blood flow

Which of the following is not the direct function of the thalamus? a) Relay center of all sensations b) Perception of pain temperature and pressure c) Sensory-motor coordination d) Secretion of hormones

Intrauterine device does not a) Act a5 a foreign body b) Interfere with endometrial preparation c) Produce cellular reaction d) Inhibit pituitary gonadotropin release

Increased airway resistance is caused by all EXCEPT: a) Forced expiration b) High lung volume c) Dense air d) Breathing dust particles

If a muscle that has contracted isotonically is restored to its previous length, extra heat in addition to recovery heat is called a) Shortening heat b) Initial heat c) Contracting heat d) Relaxation heat

The condition in which urine output is less than 50 ml a) dysuria b) anuria c) enuresis d) azotemia

In otosclerosis, the pathology mainly lies in a) Tympanic membrane b) Malleus c) Incus d) Stapes

If end diastolic volume is 160 ml and stroke volume is 80 ml, the ejection fraction is a) 40% b) 50% c) 60% d) 70%

In which of the following is a ligand-gated ion channel a) GABAA receptor b) GABAB receptor c) Norepinephrine receptor d) VIP receptor

Number of nephrons present in both kidneys together a) 20-30 million b) 2.3 million c) 200-300 million d) 2000-3000 million

Which of the following is not a feature of Kluver-Bucy syndrome? a) Hypersexuality b) Hypophagia c) Visual agnosia d) Respond to every stimulus and explore éverything

The resting membrane potential of cochlear hair cells is a) -15 mV b) -60 mV c) -30 mV d) -90 mv

Cardiac muscle cannot be tetanized because of a) Rich blood supply b) Rich innervation c) Longer absolute refractory period d) High myoglobin content

Duchenne's muscular dystrophy is due to defect in a) Nebulin b) Dystrophin c) Troponin d) Titin

Amount of blood enters the renal-arteries per minute: a) 1801 b) 1200 ml c) 125 ml d) 700 mi

Which of the following nucleus controls the circadian rhythm? a) Supraoptic nucleus b) Paraventricular nucleus c) Suprachiasmatic nucleus d) Premammillary nucleus

The taste buds are present in all of the following papillae, EXCEPT: a) Circumvallate b) Fungiform c) Cuneate d) Foliate

End diastolic volume increases when a) Intrathoracic pressure becomes more negative b) Total blood volume decreases c) Right atrial pressure increases d) Ventricular compliance decreases

Sustained contraction of a muscle, with no relaxation between stimuli a) Muscle fatigue b) Twitch contraction c) Norepinephrine receptor d) VIP receptor

Renin is secreted by a) JG cells b) renal tubular epithelial cells c) mesangial cells d) renal interstitial cells

All the following are nuclear groups of basal ganglia, EXCEPT: a) Supraoptic nucleus b) Paraventricular nucleus c) Suprachiasmatic nucleus d) Premammnillary nucleus

Brain area that does not receive olfactory sensation is a) Piriform cortex b) Amygdala c) Anterior olfactory nucleus d) Anterior nucleus of the thalamus

The 'v' wave of jugular venous pressure (JVP) curve is caused by a) Closure of the tricuspid valve b) Closure of the aortic valve c) Contraction of the atrium d) Rise in pressure due to venous return

Iron deficiency causes a) Normocytic anaemia b) Microcytic anaemia c) Megaloblastic anaemia d) Pernicious anaemia

Heparin therapy is monitored by a) Prothrombin time b) Platelet count c) Bleeding time d) Activated partial thromboplastin time

The Scientific Name of the Stuart-Prower factor is a) Factor X b) Factor Xl c) Factor Xl d) Factor XIII

Splitting disaccharides a) Salivary secretion b) Gastric secretion c) Bile d) Intestinal secretion

The addition of sodium citrate to banked blood inhibits coagulation. By what mechanism do citrate ions inhibit coagulation? a) Antagonist to adenosine diphosphate b) Chelates Ca2+ ions c) Binds to factor VII d) Binds to factor X

Intrinsic factor helps a) Iron absorption b) Glucose absorption c) Calcium absorption d) Vitamin B12 absorption

Help to emulsify the fat a) Apoferritin b) Vitamin BD c) Intrinsic factor d) Bile salts

With a normal tidal volume of 500 millilitres, a normal dead space of 150 milliliters and a respiratory rate of 12 breaths per minute, alveolar ventilation equals a) 4.2 L/min. b) 5.6 L/min. c) 6.3 L/min. d) 7.8 L/min

Which of the following has the highest pH? a) Gastric juice b) Saliva c) Secretions of the intestinal glands d) Pancreatic juice

The dorsal respiratory group (DRG), location is in the region of the a) Nucleus tractus solitarius b) Nucleus ambiguous c) Rostral pons d) Midbrain

In infants, defecation often follows a meal. The cause of colonic contractions in this situation is a) The gastroileal reflex b) The gastrocolic reflex c) The enterogastric reflex d) Increased circulating levels of CCK

Volume of air remaining in the lungs after the most forceful expiration a) Tidal volume b) Functional residual capacity c) Residual volume d) Expiratory reserve volume

Oxygen-carrying capacity in a healthy young adult assuming a normal hemoglobin concentration of 15 g Hb/dl of blood is a) 10 mil. O2/dl. blood b) 20 mi. 02/dl. blood c) 30 mi. O2/dl. blood d) 36 mi. 02/dl. blood

The blood contained in a ventricle during isovolumetric relaxation is a) The end-systolic volume b) The end-diastolic volume c) The stroke volume d) The ejection fraction

Shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the left is caused by a) Increased pH b) Increased CO? c) Increased temperature d) Increased BPG

A vasodilator that Relax Vascular Smooth Muscle a) Serotonin b) Endothelin c) Angiotensin II d) Nitric oxide

The work performed by the left ventricle is greater than that performed by the right ventricle, because in the left ventricle a) The preload is greater b) The afterload is greater c) The stroke volume is greater d) The wall is thicker

Which of the following normally has the most prominent prepotential? a) Sinoatrial node b) Atrial muscle cells c) Bundle of His d) Purkinje fibers

The dicrotic notch on the aortic pressure curve is caused by a) Closure of the mitral valve b) Closure of the tricuspid valve c) Closure of the aortic valve d) Closure of the pulmonary valve

Small intestinal movements.

Describe the structure and function of platelets.

Describe the micturition reflex.

Discuss in detail about Parkinsonism. Add a note on diseases of the basal ganglion in humans.

Define erythropoiesis. Discuss various stages and factors affecting erythropoiesis.

a) What are different leads in the ECG? Discuss PR interval in detail. b) Describe the normal spread of electrical activity in the heart. c) List the chemical and neural factors that regulate coronary circulation. d) Describe the circulatory changes that occur during exercise. ?. a) Discuss in detail about the Pulmonary function tests. b) Describe the pulmonary function tests in obstructive and restrictive lung disease. c) What factors affect the compliance of the lungs? d) What factors affect the Airway resistance? || » A Firstranker's choice | » Bh Firstranker's choice », A Firstranker’s chaice

Discuss the synthesis of glucocorticoids, functions of glucocorticoids. Add a note on primary hyperaldosteronism.

Define cardiac output. Discuss factors affecting cardiac output and add a note on syncope.

What are the functional divisions of the cerebellum? Describe the functions of the cerebellum. List the features of cerebellar disorder.

What is diabetes mellitus? Discuss in detail about the hormone responsible for diabetes mellitus. Add a note on ketonuria.

Define cardiac cycle. Discuss in detail about the pressure and volume changes in the cardiac cycle.

Describe the spinal and medullary integration of regulation of posture and movement.

Discuss the following: a. Nitrogen narcosis b. Dysbarism c. Hypercapnia d. Cheyne-Stokes respiration e. Kussmaul breathing

State the Bell-Magendie law and explain its physiologic significance.

Describe the factors in the genesis of resting membrane potential.

Describe and give examples of secondary active transport.

Discuss about the molecular basis of muscle contraction.

Describe and give examples of primary active transport.

Explain the differences between fast and slow pain.

Discuss excitation and contraction coupling.

Describe the steps in phagocytosis.

Describe the features of slow-wave sleep.

List the main clinical uses of the EEG.

Functions of pancreatic juice.

Explain the functions of Memory B Cells and T Cells.

Pharyngeal phase of deglutition.

Describe the effects of lesions at various levels of the visual pathway.

What is the tympanic reflex?

Explain the defecation reflex.

Describe the functions of neutrophils.

Physiological actions of testosterone. Add a note on cryptorchidism.

Functions of hemoglobin.

Define and explain dark adaptation.

Describe the respiratory changes at high altitudes.

Describe the composition and functions of Gastric Juice.

Discuss hypothyroidism. Add a note on thyroid function tests.

Gastric emptying.

Functions of insulin.

4 70-year-old male came with complaints of breathlessness and fatigue on exertion for the past three months. On examination, he had pedal edema and high jugular venous pressure, BP was 90/70 mmHg and HR 110 beats/min. What is your probable diagnosis? Explain the pathophysiological basis of the signs and symptoms.

4 40-year-old male came with complaints of upper abdominal pain since one week. Ultrasound examination reveals gallstones in the gallbladder. What is the cause for gallstones formation? Discuss.

Maternal changes during pregnancy. Add a note on parturition reflex.

A 35-year-old male presents with complaints of extreme tiredness, difficulty in concentration, giddiness, and reduced appetite. On examination, oral mucosa and nail beds are pale in color. Peripheral smear showed microcytic hypochromic anemia. What is the cause of this condition and classify anemia?

Following thyroid surgery, a 50-year-old woman developed a carpopedal spasm. The blood report showed hyperphosphatemia and significant hypocalcemia. What is your probable diagnosis? Mention two other features that can be elicited on examination of this patient. What will you administer to improve the condition of this patient?

4 50-year-old woman came with complaints of heart flushes and irritability and stopped menstrual cycles for past six months. Outline the hormonal and other changes that occur at menopause.

List the factors affecting cardiac output.

Mechanism of learning and memory.

List the factors affecting venous return.

Describe the changes following nerve injury.

Sequence of events in contraction and relaxation of visceral smooth muscle.

Describe the neural regulation of respiration.

Explain the factors affecting the glomerular filtration rate.

Functions of the limbic system. Add a note on Kluver-Bucy syndrome.

Tubular function tests.

Describe the steps of neuromuscular transmission.

Name the various parts of a neuron and the functions of each.

Discuss tubular reabsorption and secretion of glucose.

Rods vs. Cones vs. Dark adaptation.

Discuss the functions of the juxtaglomerular apparatus.

Describe and discuss mechanisms of temperature regulation.

Describe the regulation of renal blood flow.

Describe the countercurrent mechanism in the kidney. + oe

A 13-year-old boy attended the hospital casualty department with a body temperature of 101°F. He is also suffering from a running nose and sore throat for the last five days. The boy is advised to take antipyretics and antihistaminics for three days. How is the body temperature in humans regulated?

Mechanism of water reabsorption by the kidney and discuss loop diuretics.

Describe the mechanisms of heat loss from the body.

Functions of middle ear

Functions of thalamus

Functions of Sertoli cells

Indicators of ovulation

Auditory pathways

With the help of a schematic diagram, depict the pathway of pain. Enumerate the theories of referred pain. Explain the endogenous analgesia system. Add a note on thalamic syndrome

Describe the structure and function of muscle spindle. List four differences between upper and lower motor neuron paralysis. Explain the physiological basis of anyone feature of upper motor neuron paralysis.

Define glomerular filtration rate and give its normal value. Explain the mechanism of glomerular filtration. Enumerate a method to measure GFR. What is tubulo glomerular feedback?

Describe the mechanism of actin and functions of growth hormone. What is the cause of acromegaly. List four features of acromegaly

Describe the mechanism of action and list the functions of insulin. Write four features of diabetes mellitus. Explain the physiological basis of anyone feature.

Draw a labelled diagram of ventricular muscle action potential and give its ionic basis. Describe briefly the conduction system of heart. List the features of different types of heart block

Refractory period of neuron

Major and minor cross matching

Theories of color vision

Consensual light reflex

Enterohepatic circulation of bile

Steps of spermatogenesis and factors affecting it

Regulation of gastric emptying

Draw a labelled diagram and give the ionic basis of nerve action potential

Pulmonary surfactant

An 80 year male presented with hemiplegia with a history of severe hypertension. On examination there was spasticity of the muscles on the affected side and tendon reflexes were exaggerated a. What is your provisional diagnosis b. What is the cause of his symptoms c. Name two other clinical features you would look for to assist your diagnosis

A 60 year old male presented with mask face, resting tremor of hand and he walked with short, shuffling steps. Also, he was found to have bradykinesia of movements.

Following resection surgery of small intestine, a 50 year male developed anemia and glossitis. The MCV was 115 fl., and MCH 42 pg. a. What is your provisional diagnosis b. Which abnormal cell type can you see in the peripheral blood smear c. Explain the pathophysiological basis of anemia d. How will you treat this condition

Sarcotubular system

List the electrical and mechanical properties of smooth muscle

Chronic mountain sickness

Features of NREM sleep

Bodily responses activated by cold

Pontine respiratory centers

A 50 years male complain of increase in hunger, thirst and frequency of urination for past 3 months. His pulse is 84/min, BP 140/90 mmHg, fasting plasma glucose 200 mg/dL, blood urea - 24 mg/dL and plasma creatinine - 1.2 mg/dL a. What is your provisional diagnosis b. Give the physiological basis of increased urination and hunger c. Name an oral drug used to treat this condition

A 50 year old female complaints of intolerance to heat and increased appetite. She was found to have exophthalmos and sinus tachycardia. a) What is your provisional diagnosis? b) Give the physiological basis of sinus tachycardia and intolerance to heat c) Name a drug used to treat this condition

A 35 year old male met with a road traffic accident and was brought to casualty with bleeding injuries. On examination, his pulse was 110/min, BP 80/60 mmHg, he was restless and had cold and pale skin a. What is your probable diagnosis b. Explain the pathophysiology of tachycardia in this condition c. Mention one drug to treat this condition and give its physiological basis

Regulation of pancreatic secretion

Mechanism and function of peristalsis and segmental contraction of intestine

Mechanism of glucose absorption in renal tubule

Myasthenia Gravis.

Facilitated diffusion

Acromegaly

Stretch reflex

What is aldosterone escape?

Hypothermia

Wallerian degeneration

Functions of plasma proteins

Artificial kidney.

List the functions of limbic system

Functions of progesterone

Renshaw cell inhibition

Blood Brain Barrier

Describe the nerve action potential.

Draw a neat labelled diagram of taste pathway

LH Surge

Sarcomere

Phantom limb.

Define brain death. List the features of brain death

Cystometrogram

Pacemaker potential

All or none law.

List the functions of plasma proteins

Astigmatism

Peristalsis.

Functions of CSF

What is impedance matching?

Hyperthyroidism

Explain saltatory conduction in a nerve

Enlist the complications of hemolytic disease of newborn.

Explain classical conditioning

What is the basis for resting membrane potential?

Draw and explain Jugular Venous Pulse

Mention the physiological basis of increased ventilation perfusion ratio in apex of lung

Children suffering from Cretinism have short stature and mental retardation .why?

List the functions of white blood corpuscles

What is ejection fraction? Mention its clinical significance

Explain the physiological significance of muscle spindle

List the functions of sertoli cells

Polycythemia vera.

Heat rigor

List the important tests for the assessment of thyroid function

Tabulate the differences between first and second heart sounds

Explain Reynold’s number and its significance.

Enumerate the cause and features of hemophilia

List the difference between first and second heart sounds

Classify anaemia on the basis of morphology with examples

List the differences between alpha and beta EEG waves. Add a note on alpha block.

Explain the effect of sympathetic stimulation on pacemaker potential with the help of a diagram

Explain the significance of Timed Vital Capacity

Explain the clinical features that occur below the level of lesion in Brown – Sequard syndrome

Draw a neat labelled diagram of a Sarcomere

Explain the mechanism of action of steroid hormones

Explain role of Plasmin in Fibrinolysis and its clinical significance.

Explain Gonadal and sexual differentiation of foetus into male.

What is a motor unit and write about recruitment of motor unit

Define Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR). what is the clinical significance of ESR?

Ionic basis of resting membrane potential

Clinical features of cretinism

Define Landsteiner’s law

Oxytocin

Why intrapleural pressure is negative? Write its normal range.

List the functions of placental hormones

What is ejection fraction? Write its significance

Enumerate the blood picture in vit B12 and iron deficiency anemia

Mention the causes for the waves of Jugular venous pulse

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate.

Chloride shift.

Acupuncture reduces pain. What is the physiological basis?

What is oxygen debt?

Explain the physiological basis of anaemia in kidney disease

Uniport, Symport and Antiport

What are the normal waves of EEG? What is alpha block?

List the functions of luteinizing hormones

Graphically represent the hormonal changes in a normal menstrual cycle

Explain parturition reflex

Effect of storage of blood on red blood corpuscles.

Rigor mortis

Explain Wallerian degeneration

What is phantom limb.

What is dark adaptation and light adaptation?

Law of gut

Describe the physiological significance of Ventilation perfusion ratio.

Reabsorption of water in kidney

What is cross matching? What are its types

Draw a neat labelled diagram of ECG.

Source and actions of i) Relaxin ii) Inhibin.

Name the neuroglia. Mention their functions.

What is Achalasia cardia?

Explain compound action potential

Explain the role of surfactant in lung mechanics

Explain the mechanism of fat absorption in small intestine

Mention any three functions of thyroxine.

List different layers of respiratory membrane

Gastrin.

Draw a labelled diagram showing the origin, course and termination of corticospinal pathway

Enumerate the steps occurring during the pharyngeal phase of deglutition

List the functions of saliva

Rh incompatibility.

Functions of ADH. Add a note on diabetes insipidus

What is Papez circuit?

What is Aphasia? List the types of aphasia

Mention any two neuro muscular blocking drugs and their mechanism of action

Draw the diagram of conductive system of the heart.

What is Aphasia and write the types

Differences between spasticity and rigidity

Draw a neat labelled diagram of organ of corti

Four functions of reticular activating system

Describe cutaneous vascular Triple response.

Triple response

What is Cushing’s reflex

Physiological basis of female oral contraceptives

Types of T lymphocytes

Functions of parathormone.

State the features of stagnant hypoxia

Explain synaptic inhibition

Explain the absorption of fat in the small intestine

Explain facilitated diffusion

What is saltatory conduction? What is its importance?

Explain the basis of using phototherapy for physiological jaundice

Define and classify hypoxia.

Sino atrial node.

Enumerate the functions of middle ear.

Depict the extrinsic pathway of coagulation in the form of a flow chart

Explain the genesis of resting membrane potential

What is Timed Vital capacity? Give its significance.

What is motor unit? Give its physiological importance.

What is the basis of sex differentiation in a fetus?

List the responses of body to hot environment

What is Aphasia? Discuss different types of aphasias

List out the changes in ECG that occur with myocardial ischemia.

Types of waves in Electroencephalography.

Physiological basis of pregnancy test

List the features of decerebrate rigidity

Functions of prefrontal lobe

Mention the site and uses of lumbar puncture.

Indications for blood transfusion

What are Gap junctions? Give example of their functional significance.

Vasomotor center

What is Triple response

Features of brain death

Explain mechanism of secretion of hydrochloric acid in stomach

Prefrontal lobe

Enlist the actions of Secretin

Define transport maximum for glucose and give normal value

What is major and minor cross matching?

Write any three functions of testosterone.

Explain the basis of megaloblastic anemia seen after gastrectomy

Draw a labelled diagram of ECG.

Explain the basis of phenomenon of phantom limb in amputated individuals

Explain the causes of first and second heart sounds

Explain type I hypersensitivity reaction

Olfactory pathway and its disorders

Explain fetoplacental unit

Trace the taste pathway

Explain the patho physiology of fever

Role of lymphatic system.

Write features of Acromegaly.

Neuroglia

Explain reflex arc with the help of a diagram

Conductive deafness.

List the compensatory changes that occur on exposure to high temperature.

What are functions of bile salts?

What is Bohr effect

Draw a neat labelled diagram of reflex arc

List the functions of platelets

Functions of Aldosterone

What is the physiological importance of mitochondria

Explain the pharyngeal stage of deglutition

What are Somatomedins? What are its actions?

Enumerate the function of platelets

Hormones secreted by the kidney

Peptic ulcer.

Explain the double Bohr effect across placenta?

Mention the type of hypoxia seen in cyanide poisoning and explain the basis of treatment

Explain the physiological basis of lactose intolerance

Mention any three renal function tests.

What is deafness? Mention its types

Explain summation in synapse

Explain the types of deafness

List functions of bile salts.

List functions of the prostate gland.

Otolith organ

Draw a neat labelled diagram of taste buds. Name the primary taste sensations

Types of memory.

List the hormones secreted from anterior pituitary gland.

Bohr’s effect.

Define Dead space. What are its types?

What is Histotoxic hypoxia? Give an example.

Explain Weber’s Fechner’s law

Erythroblastosis Foetalis

Rods and cones

List three hormones affecting Plasma calcium level and mention the effect on it.

What is Asphyxia? Name a cause for it.

Explain the different waves of EEG

Enumerate the factors affecting erythropoiesis

Explain Laplace law with reference to urinary bladder

Gap junctions.

Filtration fraction

Explain any three functions of blood testis barrier

State Landsteiner’s law

Enumerate the functions of lymph

Hemophilia.

Compare isotonic and isometric contractions in skeletal muscle

List the functions of blood brain barrier

Explain Papez circuit

Write two examples for positive feedback mechanisms acting in the body.

List functions of middle ear.

What is Babinski’ sign? Explain its clinical significance

Substances used to measure total body water and ECF (Extra Cellular Fluid) space

Draw a neat labelled diagram of Cystometrogram

Plasma clearance

What is cyanosis? What are its types

List the tests for cerebellar ataxia

Enlist liver function test

Basis for pregnancy tests

Enlist the factors affecting glomerular filtration rate.

Draw a neat labelled diagram of strength duration curve

Draw a neat labelled diagram of Lead II ECG

Explain the significance of Tubulo-glomerular feed back mechanism

Deafness

List six features of cerebellar disease.

List the properties of cardiac muscle

Reticulo-endothelial system

Timed vital capacity

What is the importance of hormones in gender differentiation?

Define Mean arterial pressure and Pulse pressure

What is respiratory acidosis? Mention one condition causing it

State the law of Gut. Mention its significance.

Differentiate between pituitary and thyroid dwarfs

List the functions of cerebrospinal fluid

What is the pathophysiology of myasthenia gravis?

Draw a neat labelled diagram of Cystometrogram and write the cause for phase II.

Draw labelled diagram of relaxed Sarcomere.

List the clinical features of Upper motor neuron lesion

What is summation? Mention its types

Strength duration curve

Landsteiner’s law

Explain Bhor's effect.

Explain components and functions of bile

Travelling wave theory of hearing

What are the components and functions of Enteric nervous system?

What is VO2max?

Give the physiological importance of Na+ / K+ pump

List the factors regulating gastric emptying

Sleep disorders

Primary taste sensations.

Explain the mechanism of action of loop diuretics

Land Steiner law

Describe the hormonal control of follicular phase of ovarian cycle

List the clinical features of hypovolemic shock

Explain the pathophysiology of peptic ulcer

Define Hypoxia. Classify hypoxia.

Ovulation

Justify the use of L-dopa in Parkinsonism

List the features of Acromegaly

Enumerate the heat loss mechanisms occurring in the body

What are diuretics? Name two diuretics with their site of action?

Define stress and write adaptive changes.

Intention tremor

What is Klinefelter syndrome?

Draw the structure of Rods and Cones

Types of smooth muscles

List the functions of HCl in stomach.

List the various blood indicies. Write the formula and normal value of each.

Intercellular connections

List the functions of Juxta-glomerular apparatus.

Draw the diagram of a strength duration curve. Define Chronaxie and Rheobase

ACTH

List the phases of deglutition

Define GFR. Mention its normal value.

Mention three properties of cardiac muscle and explain one of them.

Contraceptive pills

Macular sparing

Features of Parkinson’s disease.

Draw a labelled diagram of sarcomere.

Sham feeding

Three actions of cortisol.

Aphasia

Steatorrhea

Differences between first and second heart sounds.

Mention three factors which regulate the cardiac output.

Depth perception

What are the hormones secreted by adrenal cortex?

Tetany

Gall stones

Compliance in Lungs

Micturition reflex.

Functions of Hypothalamus

Differences between REM and NREM sleep.

Referred pain

Heart sounds.

Spermatogenesis

Cushing’s syndrome

Mechanism of humoral immunity

Taste pathway

Errors of refraction.

Dead space

Explain functions of middle ear

Active transport.

Functions of Neutrophils

Tests for Ovulation

Placental hormones.

Describe the intrinsic mechanism of coagulation

Features of coronary circulation

Define glomerular filtration rate. Describe the factors regulating it.

Organ of corti

Non-respiratory functions of lung

Mechanism of hearing

Describe the composition and functions of surfactant.

Neuromuscular junction

Milk ejection reflex

Explain three properties of synapse.

Functions of saliva.

Factors affecting cardiac output

Explain chemical regulation of respiration

Humoral Immunity

Describe the functions of basal ganglia

Functions of limbic system

Anticoagulants

Defecation Reflex

Intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation

A 50-year-old female with breathlessness, nervousness, sleeplessness with a lump in the neck. Her resting heart rate is 100BPM. She experiences intolerance to heat. a) What is your probable diagnosis? b) Enumerate the steps in management

Classify the fluid compartment of body giving their normal value. Mention two methods to determine Extra Cellular Fluid Volume

Actions of oxytocin

Classify body fluid compartments. Describe measurement of any one compartment

Explain supra spinal control of stretch reflex

What is normal GFR? Explain the factors regulating it

Explain briefly fibrinolytic mechanism and its significance

Excitation contraction coupling in skeletal muscle fiber

Explain the pressure changes in the lung during normal respiration

Negative feedback mechanism

1. A 50 year old bus driver is not able to perform his professional work. He complains of tremor during rest and not able to initiate a movement. He takes short quick steps while walking. Answer the following questions: a) What is your probable diagnosis? b) Explain the pathophysiology underlying this condition c) What is the most commonly used treatment modality?

Explain the Baroreceptor reflex mechanism in blood pressure regulation

Explain the intrinsic mechanism of blood clotting

Diagrammatically represent a normal lead II ECG. Explain the causes for different waves.

Functions and mechanism of action of Insulin

Explain the steps in synthesis and regulation of thyroid hormone synthesis

Explain degeneration and regeneration of nerve fibers

Describe the differences between upper motor neuron and lower motor neuron lesion

1. Mention different types of T-cells and their functions.

1. Compare fast versus slow muscle fibers.

Explain the transmission of impulse across the neuromuscular junction with the help of a diagram

Explain Neuroendocrine reflex

Conducting system of the heart.

Explain the factors regulating glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Gastrointestinal hormones

3. Describe Excitation contraction coupling

Transport across cell membrane

Testosterone

Heat Loss mechanism to maintain constant body temperature

Explain the mechanism of cell mediated immunity.

A 30 year old male who had a recent head injury complained of sudden increase in urine output. He also has immense thirst and nocturia. Blood and urine analysis showed FBS – 95mg/dl; serum osmolality – 305mOsm/kg of water, specific gravity of urine - <1.005; urine volume – 10L/day; urine glucose – nil a) What is the probable diagnosis? b) Name the hormone involved and its site of action c) What is the physiological basis of increased urine output in this condition?

Explain Rh incompatibility

Discuss in detail the regulation of heart rate. Add a note on sinus arrhythmia

Actions of glucocorticoids

Explain the organization of body fluids compartments. Mention one method to measure extra cellular fluid volume and total body water

Describe the respiratory centres.

Describe the mechanism and regulation of biosynthesis of thyroid hormones.

Describe the acclimatization changes seen in natives of high altitude along with their physiological basis

Discuss the characteristic features of coronary circulation

Describe the mechanical events during cardiac cycle.

Menstrual cycle

Describe the mechanisms of heat loss and heat gain in the body

Explain the hormonal regulation of blood calcium levels

Explain the metabolic actions of insulin

2. Explain Mechanism of development of erythroblastosis fetalis.

2. Pain suppression system in the brain and spinal cord.

Explain the physiological changes that occur in the body when exposed to high temperature

Myoneural junction

Describe steps involved in Phagocytosis

Describe Intrinsic pathway of clotting mechanism

Explain the steps of spermatogenesis

Describe the intrinsic method of coagulation.

Pregnancy tests

Name the different types of heart blocks and explain in brief.

Discuss the actions of testosterone and its regulation

An adult aged 22 years with history of diarrhoea and vomiting of one day duration comes to the OPD. On examination the patient was in altered sensorium, BP-low, tachycardia, thready pulse, cold clammy extremities a) What is the probable diagnosis? b) Explain the reflex that comes into action in the above condition

Describe briefly the mechanism of Na+ reabsorption from different segments of renal tubules

Discuss the factors regulating glomerular filtration

Define Erythropoiesis. Describe its stages.

Explain the active transport mechanisms across cell membrane

Explain the counter current multiplier system in kidney

Short term regulation of Blood pressure

Describe the stages and regulation of spermatogenesis

Describe the actions of estrogen

3. Explain the basis for Heart sounds and correlate it with mechanical activity of heart.

An adult aged 32 years comes to causality with history of fall from tree and injury to lower back two days back. Patient is unable to move both lower limbs. On examination patient is conscious, tone in lower limb is decreased and reflexes are lost. X-ray and MRI showed – transection of spinal cord at mid thoracic level. a) What is the diagnosis? b) What is the basis for decreased tone? c) What will be the finding of Babinski sign? 3. .

Mechanism of color vision

Name the errors of refraction. Explain its correction with the help of a diagram

Describe extrinsic method of coagulation. Add a note on anticoagulants.

a. A 45 yr old business man who had irregular sleep and food pattern, complains of heart burns, frequent burping. A physician prescribed him proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), from which he got some relief from above symptoms. a) What condition was he suffering from? b) Explain the basis for treating him with PPIs. c) Explain the factors regulating gastric acid secretion. b.

Explain the waves of Lead II ECG with a diagram.

Define receptor. Classify sensory receptors. Briefly describe the phenomenon of adaptation

Non-excretory function of kidney

Describe the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration

Draw a neat labelled diagram of pain pathway. Add a note on gate control theory of pain

Explain the functions of different types of WBC and mention the steps in phagocytosis

List the functions of prefrontal lobe

A 20-year-old male was brought to the casualty following a road traffic accident. On examination his extremities were found to be cold and clammy, heart rate 102/min and blood pressure 70/50 mm of Hg a) Explain the physiological basis of cold clammy extremities b) Classify shock and state Marey’s law

Intrinsic mechanism of coagulation.

Define accommodation in the eye. Trace the pathway and explain the mechanism of accommodation reflex.

A 40 yr old man presented with severe abdominal pain in casualty. History revealed chronic intake of Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). On examination the duty Medical Officer confirmed that it was a case of gastric ulcer a) Interpret the role played by NSAIDs in development of gastric ulcer b) Justify the use of proton pump inhibitors in the treatment of gastric ulcers

Discuss the mechanism of cell mediated immunity

Describe the composition and functions of bile.

Describe the Pathway for pain. Add a note on referred pain.

A middle aged man reported to medical out-patient department with complaints of trembling of hands while attempting to do some work. On examination he was found to have impaired co-ordination and ataxia a) Describe the signs and symptoms of cerebellar disease b) Explain the tests used to assess cerebellar functions

A 60 yrs old man experiences sudden onset of inability to move right upper and lower limbs. Decrease in tone of muscles was noted by the examining doctor a) What will happen to the muscle power and reflex on the right side? b) Explain how muscle tone is regulated at spinal level

A man aged 70 years was brought to hospital with history of difficulty in walking, stoops forwards while walking, abnormal rhythmic movements in hands were observed at rest. He shows tendency to fall forwards or backwards a) What is the provisional diagnosis? b) Discuss the pathophysiology behind this condition c) What is the physiological basis of treatment?

Define Lung compliance and factors affecting it.

Explain carbohydrate and fat metabolism in Type II Diabetes Mellitus.

Corpus luteum

Describe stretch reflex and explain its importance

Functions of basal ganglia.

List the gastro intestinal hormones. Describe any two of them.

Describe the special features of coronary circulation.

Blood indices

Describe the lesions of visual pathway with a neat labelled diagram

Describe the factors affecting glomerular filtration rate.

Compare skeletal muscle with smooth muscle

Explain micturition reflex. What is the reason for plateau phase noted in cystometrogram?

Explain the mechanism of excitation – contraction coupling in skeletal muscle

Explain Phases of gastric acid secretion

A 40 year old traffic policeman came to hospital with sudden difficulty in breathing. He was a chronic smoker. On examination, he has dyspnoea and his expiration was found to be prolonged. Rhonchi were heard all over the chest wall. Spirometry reveals a decrease in FEV1 and PEFR a) What is the probable diagnosis? b) What are the triggering factors for this condition? c) What will be the findings of dynamic lung flow parameters in this condition?

Vestibular apparatus

Explain the intrinsic mechanism of coagulation

Functions of liver

Explain the stages and regulation of spermatogenesis

Briefly explain the chemical regulation of respiration

A male aged 55 years was brought to emergency department with history of retro sternal pain since morning, pain in epigastrium radiating to left shoulder, profuse sweating. He is a known diabetic and hypertensive on irregular treatment a) What is the probable diagnosis? b) What are the expected ECG changes in this condition? c) Why is the subendocardium more prone to Ischaemia?

Explain the properties of sensory receptors

Explain the pain pathway with the help of a neat labelled diagram

Describe the classification of nerve fibres

What is dysbarism and explain physiologic basis for its effects.

Describe with neat diagram uterine changes during menstrual cycle with hormonal influence

Contents and functions of middle ear.

Describe the renal handling of glucose.

Draw normal ECG and explain its waves

Muscle spindle

A patient came with a h/o pain abdomen, loss of appetite, fatigability, yellowish discoloration of skin and passing of clay colored stools. a) What is your diagnosis? b) What is the reason or yellowish discoloration of skin and clay colored stools? c) Enlist the functions of bile salts

Describe the contents and functions of middle ear

Describe renal function tests

Describe the lung volumes and capacities with a neat labelled diagram

Explain the Bohr effect and Haldane effect

Role of surfactant in lungs

Intestinal movements

Describe the molecular basis of skeletal muscle contraction.

Enumerate the special features of coronary circulation

With a neat labelled diagram, explain the different lung volumes and capacities

Describe the actions of insulin

Explain light and dark adaptation

Explain visual pathway with a neat labelled diagram

Explain mechanism of secretion of HCl in the stomach.

Write formation, drainage of aqueous humour and add a note on glaucoma

Anti thyroid drugs

Enumerate the clinical features of Cushing’s syndrome

Color blindness

Name and describe different types of Hypoxia

Describe the phases of deglutition.

Cerebral circulation

Chemical regulation of respiration

Describe the actions of aldosterone

Define hypoxia. Describe its types.

Describe the phases of cardiac action potential with ionic basis

Explain postural reflexes integrated at the level of medulla oblongata

Write composition and functions of saliva

Explain the source and functions of any five GI hormones

Hypothyroidism

Explain the refractive errors and their corrections

Discuss the mechanism of fat digestion and absorption in gastrointestinal tract

Renal handling of sodium

Name the hormones influencing growth. Describe the actions of Growth hormone on somatic growth.

Mention the composition of pancreatic juice. Describe the regulation of pancreatic secretion

Discuss the functions of exocrine pancreatic juice and its regulation

Explain any three properties of skeletal muscle

Explain the action of glucocorticoids

Explain the different phases of action potential in a nerve fibre and its ionic basis

List the properties of synapse. Explain any two properties

Explain Inulin clearance and write about its application.

Explain structure of Organ of corti and signal transduction

Crossed extensor reflex

Describe the uterine changes during menstrual cycle

Long term regulation of BP

c. Describe the various types of heart blocks.

Describe muscle spindle using a neat labelled diagram

Color vision and color blindness

Describe the visual pathway.

Explain the basis for physiological changes noted at high altitude

Describe the uterine changes during menstrual cycle. Add a note on hormonal basis for the same

Distinguish between water and osmotic diuresis. Explain the mode of action of different diuretics

Describe the buffer systems present in renal tubules

Regulation of coronary circulation

Describe the conducting system of the heart.

What is synaptic inhibition? What is its ionic basis? What are the types of synaptic inhibition?

Illustrate the innervation of urinary bladder and describe a normal cystometrogram

Explain the micturition reflex and its higher control

Theories of hearing

Illustrate the pain pathway. Explain the gate control theory of pain

Describe various female contraceptive methods