Kerala University of Health Sciences Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of SurgeryBiochemistry Previous Year Question Papers

Absorption, Storage and transport of iron.

Gene Therapy.

Beri - Beri.

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

Reverse cholesterol transport

Post translational modifications

Oncogenes

Substrate level phosphorylation.

Name the inhibitors of electron transport chain and state at what level they act.

Fluid mosaic model

Mitochondria

Hyperkalemia

Salvage pathway

Lactose intolerance

Galactosemia.

Creatinine Clearance

Kwashiorkor

Essential pentosuria

Applications of recombinant DNA technology.

Folate trap

Biologically Important peptides

Endoplasmic reticulum.

Collagen

Isoenzymes as Cardiac Markers

Cardiac markers

Why sucrose is a non reducing sugar

Enzyme defect in Tay Sach’s disease.

Enzyme defect in alkaptonuria

Name any two vectors used in gene therapy.

Renal glycosuria

Coenzyme form of biotin

Southern blotting

Name two post translational modifications.

Give an example for substrate level phosphorylation

Name two antioxidants

Name any two zinc containing enzymes

Name two conditions caused by defective DNA repair.

Name the neuro transmitters formed from tryptophan

Name two compounds formed from Glycine.

Name the aromatic amino acids

Name ketone bodies

Bence – Jones proteins

Normal value of total serum protein

A 68-year-old man, known diabetic for the past 20 years was brought to the emergency in a disoriented state. Relatives informed that he had fever for the last few days and skipped his regular doses of insulin. On examination he had rapid pulse and rapid deep breathing. Laboratory results as follows: pH: 7.2, HCO3-: 12 meq/L, PCO2:35mm of Hg, Na+:135meq/L, K+:4.9meq/L,Cl-: 101meq/L a) What is the most likely acid base disorder in this patient b) Calculate anion gap and comments c) Interpret the given laboratory parametres and give their reference interval d) Enumerate the causes for this type of acid base imbalance e) Describe the role of lungs and kidney in maintaining normal plasma pH

Explain the active form, activation, biochemical functions, RDA and deficiency manifestations of vitamin D.

Explain the pathways by which glycogen is synthesized and broken down in the body. Describe how these pathways are regulated

A 45-year-old male patient reported to orthopedics outpatient department on Monday morning with pain and swelling of first metatarsophalangeal joint of right foot. He had consumed alcoholic drinks heavily on Saturday night. On examination the first metatarsophalangeal joint of right foot was warm, swollen and tender. • What is your diagnosis • What are the causes of this disorder • What are the investigations to confirm this disorder • What are the biochemical basis of management of this condition.

35-year-old female, housewife, presented to the medicine department with excessive weakness, breathlessness and palpitations since 3 months. History revealed that she had complaints of excessive menstrual bleeding. She had followed strict vegetarian diet. Investigations revealed her hemoglobin was 7 gm/dl. a) What is the probable diagnosis b) Describe the sources, RDA, functions, absorption, transport and deficiency of the mineral involved c) Describe the biochemical investigations and blood picture relevant to this case

What are ketone bodies. How are they formed in the body. Describe the role of ketone bodies in starvation and uncontrolled diabetes mellitus.

What is β oxidation. Describe the process of β oxidation of even chain fatty acids with energetics.

Describe the sources, RDA, functions and deficiency manifestations of ascorbic acid.

23-year-old female was brought to casualty with the complaints of dizziness, weakness and fainting attack. History revealed that she had skipped her breakfast and lunch with intention of losing weight. Random blood glucose was 40 mg/dl. All other investigations were normal. • What is the probable diagnosis • What is the normal blood glucose level • Describe the regulation of blood glucose. • Add a note on glucose tolerance test.

A 54-year-old man was admitted to emergency in a disoriented state. He had a feeble pulse, low blood pressure and sweetish odour of breath. Arterial blood gas analysis showed pH : 7.1, HCO3 :11 mmol/L, pCO2 : 38 mmHg. a) What is the most likely acid base disorder in this case b) Interpret the ABG findings and give the normal reference interval c) Give four causes for the above acid base disorder d) Enumerate the major buffer systems in the body e) Discuss the renal regulatory mechanisms of acid base balance

A 2-year-old child presented with liver enlargement and complaints of weakness, sweating and pallor which disappeared on eating food. Mother revealed that milestones were delayed. On investigation, blood glucose: 50 mg/dl, uric acid: 10 mg/dL, lactic acid: 15 mg/dL, cholesterol: 300 mg/dL, and presence of ketone bodies. a) What is the likely diagnosis b) Name the enzyme defect c) Discuss the pathways that lead to elevated levels of uric acid, lactic acid, and cholesterol d) Discuss the reason for liver enlargement e) Give the normal reference range for serum cholesterol and Fasting Blood glucose

A 45-year-old bank manager visits the OPD with increased frequency of urination (Polyuria), Increased thirst (Polydypsia) and increased hunger (Polyphagia). He also gives the history of weight loss. On general examination, there were no significant findings. The laboratory investigations were as follows: Answer the following questions using the above data: • What is the diagnosis. • Mention various methods for estimation of glucose • What are WHO criteria for diagnosis of this disorder • Why urine sugar was positive in this patient • Describe the various factors that regulate blood glucose level

Describe the process of eukaryotic translation. Add a note on post-translational modifications and inhibitors of translation.

A 42-year old obese lady presented with pain abdomen. She also complaints of passing clay coloured stool on examination there was yellowish discoloration of skin. • What is the diagnosis. • Describe the laboratory findings in hemolytic, hepatocellular and obstructive jaundice. • Van den Bergh reaction.

What are biologically important compounds derived from tyrosine. Explain the catabolism of tyrosine and name three inborn errors associated with tyrosine metabolism.

Define enzyme inhibition. Explain the different types of enzyme inhibitions. Mention the significance of enzyme inhibitors.

Describe the reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle. Explain the Amphibolic nature of this cycle. Add a note on its energetics.

A 2-year-old child presented with complaints of on and off vomiting and lethargy for past two months. On examination child had a massive liver enlargement. Blood investigation reports were as follows: Blood sugar: 50mg%, Uric acid:10mg%, lactic acid:15mg%, Total cholesterol:300mg%. Liver biopsy demonstrated the mosaic pattern of enlarged hepatocytes, exhibiting abundant clear cytoplasm containing glycogen and lipid vacuoles. a) What is the diagnosis b) Name other glycogen storage disorders c) Explain how glycogen is metabolized in the body d) Explain the hormonal regulation of glycogen metabolism

Explain the steps of Transcription in Eukaryotes with a note on inhibitors of transcription.

A man of 45 years of age is overweight with a sedentary lifestyle underwent an annual health checkup. Following are the details of the investigations. Answer the following questions using the above data: a) What is the probable diagnosis b) Mention the causes for the above condition c) Briefly describe chylomicron metabolism d) Briefly describe hyperlipidemia

A 70-year-old male presented to his family physician with yellow discoloration of sclera associated with epigastric pain and weight loss. Urine had become darker in color and his stools pale. A CT scan of the abdomen revealed a tumor in the pancreas. Investigations: Total Bilibrubin–4.2mg/dl; Direct Bilirubin–3.8mg/dl; ALP–510U/L; AST–80U/L; ALT-76U/L. Answer the following using the above data: • What is the probable diagnosis • Define and classify Jaundice • Which enzyme is specific for this type of jaundice and why • Explain the urinary findings • Why urine is dark in color and stools pale • Enumerate the causes of jaundice • List the laboratory investigations used to differentiate between the types of jaundice.

Explain bilirubin formation and excretion in detail. Describe the biochemical changes in hepato-cellular and obstructive jaundice.

Mother noticed that her child didn’t attain milestones for the age. Mother also noticed hypopigmentation and mousy odour a) Name the amino acid involved b) What is the diagnosis c) What is the metabolism of the amino acid. Mention the inborn errors associated with its metabolism. d) Enumerate the laboratory investigations aiding in the diagnosis. e) Name two specialized compounds formed from tyrosine and discuss their formation in brief

Explain in detail Phenylalanine metabolism with a note on inborn errors associated with and relevant biochemical investigations for them

Describe the synthesis, biochemical functions, daily requirements, sources, and deficiency manifestation of vitamin D.

Explain the formation and disposal of Ammonia. Add a note on the urea cycle disorders

Explain the process of translation in eukaryotes. Add a note on inhibitors and post translational modifications

Describe protein biosynthesis in eukaryotes. Name two inhibitors of microbial protein synthesis.

42-year-old obese lady presented with intolerance to fatty foods and pain in right abdominal region. On examination, her eyes were yellowish; stools had clay-colored appearance. Her investigations revealed the following. Serum bilirubin -18 mg/dl Direct bilirubin-17 mg/dl AST-35 IU/L ALT-40 IU/L ALP-400 IU/L a) What is the probable diagnosis b) What is the normal serum Bilirubin level c) Describe the catabolism of Heme. d) What is the biochemical basis of clay colored stools e) What will be the probable urinary findings in this patient

A 50 years old man with 3 years history of hypertension and occasional panic attacks reported to hospital with episode of throbbing headache, associated with excessive sweating. He gave history of similar attacks earlier. On examination, his BP was 180/100 mm Hg and pulse was 82/min. urine examination revealed very high levels of 24 hrs VMA. • What is the probable diagnosis • Name the aromatic amino acids • Describe the biochemical basis of symptoms and urinary finding • Describe the synthesis of any two biochemically important compounds from the parent amino acid

Define gluconeogenesis. Name the substrates for gluconeogenesis. Trace the pathway of gluconeogenesis from pyruvate to glucose. Add a note on its regulation.

What are the types of fatty acid oxidation. Explain in detail the oxidation of palmitic acid and its regulation

Describe the chemistry, biochemical functions, requirements and deficiency symptoms of vitamin C

Name the aromatic amino acids. Discuss the metabolism of tyrosine and its related disorders.

Explain in detail the active forms, biochemical functions, RDA and deficiency manifestations of Vitamin A with a note on Wald’s Visual Cycle

What is the normal pH of blood. Describe in detail about the respiratory and renal regulation of blood pH and add a note on metabolic acidosis.

Describe the mitochondrial electron transport chain. What is substrate level phosphorylation. Give two examples.

Describe the formation and excretion of bilirubin. Explain the significance of serum bilirubin and urobilinogen in the diagnosis of various types of jaundice

A 45-year-old man complaints of increased appetite, thirst, and frequent micturition. His random blood sugar is 346 mg/dl • What is the diagnosis. What are the diagnostic criteria • Discuss the relevant investigations that can be done for further monitoring of the patient • How is blood glucose regulated • What is the renal threshold for Glucose

Give a detailed account of the transcription process. How is it regulated. Name inhibitors of transcription

Describe purine catabolism.

Describe the reactions of urea cycle. Discuss the diagnostic significance of blood urea.

Write the definition, steps and inhibitors of transcription.

Definition, steps and inhibitors of translation

Describe HMP Shunt pathway. Add a note on the significance of this pathway

Glycogenolysis and its regulation

Define enzyme. Classify with suitable examples. Discuss the various types of enzyme Inhibitions with clinical examples.

Describe the absorption, transport and storage of iron in the body. Explain the regulation of iron homeostasis. Enumerate the biochemical functions of iron. Add a note on disorders associated iron metabolism.

Discuss vitamin D under the following headings a) source b) daily requirements c) metabolism d) biochemical functions e) deficiency manifestations

Renal regulation of acid base balance

Define translation. Describe the steps of Translation. Add a note on its inhibitors.

Mention the major functions of HMP shunt pathway. Explain its importance in erythrocytes.

Ketone body metabolism.

What are isoenzymes. Explain the clinical significance of the isoenzymes of CPK.

a) Define and classify enzymes giving one example each. b) Enumerate the factors affecting enzyme activity c) Describe the different types of enzyme inhibition with appropriate examples

Describe the process of transcription by providing the details on the following • Requisites • Promoters • Pre – initiation complex • Initiation, Elongation and termination • Inhibitors • Post – transcriptional modifications

Creatinine clearance and its clinical significance.

Define Enzyme, what are the factors affecting enzyme activity. Explain various mechanism of enzyme regulation.

Describe the HMP Shunt pathway and its significance

What are the principles of DNA replication. Add a note on inhibitors of replication.

Formation and utilization of ketone bodies

Functions and deficiency manifestations of vitamin A

What is the normal pH of blood. Describe the renal regulation of Acid Base homeostasis.

Structure, types and functions of immunoglobulins.

Name the ketone bodies. Describe their synthesis and catabolism. Write the causes of ketosis.

Discuss the structural and functional organization of the electron transport chain. Add a note on its inhibitors.

Competitive Inhibition of enzymes with examples

Serum calcium homeostasis

Glycogen storage diseases

Purine Catabolism

Catabolism of Heme

Explain the effect of Temperature and Substrate concentration on enzyme activity.

Enumerate two hormones which affect calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Mention how these hormones regulate them in the body.

Define Beta oxidation. Enumerate the steps and add a note on its regulation. Explain the energetics for palmitic acid

What is Gout. Give an account of the causes, biochemical base of clinical manifestations, investigations and management of Gout

Principles and application of ELISA

There are two statements marked as-Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Mark your answer as per the options provided a) Both A and R are correct & R is the reason for A c) A incorrect R Correct b) A correct R incorrect d) Both A and R are incorrect

Diagrammatically represent the structure of trna. Describe the functions of tRNA.

Describe in detail the reactions of transamination and oxidative deamination. Add a note on the significance of these reactions

Metabolism of tryptophan

Plasma proteins and its functions

Molecular basis, clinical features and diagnosis of sickle cell anemia.

Give the sources of carbon and nitrogen atoms of purine and pyrimidine rings. How is the de novo synthesis regulated. Indicate the clinical uses of inhibitors of purine nucleotide synthesis.

Explain the steps of β-oxidation of palmitic acid, giving energetics.

Describe the source, biochemical functions, and deficiency manifestations of thiamine.

Define Detoxfication. Mention four reactions of Phase 2 detoxification.

Discuss the detoxification of ammonia in the body. Mention two inborn errors associated with it.

Absorption of carbohydrates.

What is Phenylketonuria. Describe the catabolism of Phenyl Alanine.

Describe the denovosynthesis of fatty acid. Add a note its regulation

Electrophoresis.

What is the normal reference range for serum calcium. How is it regulated.

Structure of B-DNA. Add a note on different types of DNA.

How are lipids digested and absorbed. Add a note on the associated disorders

Structure and functions of phospholipid

Describe how heme is degraded into bile pigments. Add a note on different types of jaundice

Gluconeogenesis

Role of kidney in acid base balance

Describe the dietary sources, daily requirement and deficiency symptoms of Vitamin D.

Normal serum calcium and its regulation

Define porphyria. Classify porphyria and enumerate their salient features. Add a note on acute intermittent porphyria

Describe the reactions of Beta oxidation in the mitochondrial matrix. Add a note on ATP yield from palmitate.

Glucose transporters

Mention the types of Porphyrias with their enzyme defects

Recombinant DNA technology and its applications.

Describe how ketone bodies are formed and degraded in the human body.

Absorption, transport and storage of iron in the body.

Enumerate the steps of TCA cycle. Add a note on malate shuttle

Describe the principles and applications of ELISA

Renal regulation of pH.

A 24 year old student presents with complaints of muscle pain and cramps, stiffness, tingling of hands and feet and recurrent carpopedal spasms.

Principle and applications of Beer-Lamberts law. Add a note on colorimetry

Nutritional classification of protein with examples

Rapaport Leubering pathway

Vitamins with antioxidant function

Outline the metabolism of glycine under following heads. Synthesis of glycine, synthesis of biologically important compounds from glycine.

Describe the process of DNA replication in eukaryotes. Name two inhibitors of replication.

Describe the steps by which catecholamines are synthesized. Outline the pathway of their degradation.

Discuss the biochemical alterations seen in blood and urine in hepatocellular jaundice

What are Oncogenes. Name four tumour markers with their clinical relevance

What is transamination. Explain the diagnostic significance of any one serum transaminase.

A 15-year old African boy studying in India was admitted to the medical ward with complaints of fever and severe body pains. On examination, hepatosplenomegaly was detected. His Hb levels were found to be very low (6.5g/dL).Microscopic examination of his blood smear revealed sickle-shaped RBC

Describe the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane with a neatly labeled diagram.

Describe the steps of catabolism of phenyl alanine and tyrosine. Add a note on inborn errors associated with them

Beri Ber

Mention the origin of carbon and nitrogen atoms in purine ring.

Explain glycolysis, regulation and its energetics

Mitochondria – Structure and Functions

What are the different types of RNA. Add a note on function of tRNA.

A 65-year-old male patient came to medicine department with complaints of decreased urine output with generalized edema for past 3 weeks. He was a known osteoarthritic patient and was taking NSAIDs for past 6 years.

Functions and significance of Low density lipoprotein

Types of RNA and their functions

Describe the signs and symptoms of Thiamine deficiency.

What are the causes, biochemical findings and compensatory mechanisms in metabolic acidosis.

Cori’s cycle and its significance

Write briefly on the biologically important compounds synthesized from Glycine.

Transamination reactions

Functions of albumin

Respiratory Regulation of Blood pH

Formation of uric Acid

Cardiac biomarkers.

Name three B complex vitamins and its co-enzymes forms

Describe the salient features of any two types of enzyme inhibition with suitable examples

Enumerate liver function tests. Describe any two of them in detail

What is transamination. Mention clinical importance of any two transaminases

Enumerate the applications of recombinant DNA technology. Add a note on vectors

A 51 year male came to medical OPD with complaints of feeling weak and tired for past 2 months. He had polyuria, polydipsia and felt hungry in between meals. He also has family history of Diabetes. His lab reports are: ● Fasting blood glucose: 176 mg/dl, Postprandial blood glucose: 410 mg/dl, ● Blood urea- 27mg/dl, HbA1c - 14% ● Urine: Albumin - nil, Sugar +++, Ketone bodies - nil, a) What is the probable diagnosis b) Enumerate the diagnostic criteria for Diabetes Mellitus as per American Diabetes Association (ADA) c) Discuss lab investigations done to diagnose Diabetes Mellitus with their normal levels

Classify renal function tests. Describe clearance tests in detail

Define isoenzymes. Discuss the clinical significance of different isoenzyme variants of creatine kinase

Name three glycosaminoglycans and their functions

State factors affecting calcium absorption

Describe the steps of beta oxidation. Calculate the energetics from palmitic acid. (6+2)

Describe recombinant DNA technology. Add a note on its applications.

How are dietary triglycerides absorbed and transported in plasma. Briefly explain the transport of dietary triglyceride from intestine to liver.

Gout

Explain renal regulation of maintaining blood pH

What is glutathione and mention its importance in the body.

An unconscious patient was rushed to the Emergency department of the hospital. History taken from the attendant revealed that patient was a known Diabetic, blood samples were collected and sent to clinical laboratory for analysis. a) What could be your probable diagnosis b) Which relevant investigations you would suggest for this patient c) Explain the role of Kidneys in maintenance of Acid base homeostasis d) How is the compensation brought about in this patient

Explain the Quarternary structure of proteins with example.

Outline the pathway of heme synthesis. Mention its regulation

Describe the various stages of replication and add a note on DNA repair mechanism

Wald’s visual cycle

What is thalassemia. Discuss the clinical features, molecular basis and laboratory diagnosis of thalassemia

Km value and its significance

What is the role of kidney in the regulation of pH

A 35-year-old male patient was admitted with complaints of drowsiness and vision loss. Detailed history revealed he has consumed alcohol adulterated with cheap methanol on the previous day. His Arterial blood gas analysis report is as follows. Blood pH: 7.2, HCO₃‾: 16 mmol/L, pCO₂: 41 mm Hg a) What acid base imbalance, the patient probably has b) What are the normal reference ranges for the given ABG parameters c) What are buffers. List any TWO intracellular and extracellular buffers d) Explain the role of kidneys in blood pH regulation.

Hormonal regulation of blood sugar

Purine salvage pathways

Phase I detoxification reaction.

Draw a neat labeled diagram of electron transport chain. Add a note on chemiosmotic hypothesis

Describe any two Shuttle mechanisms across the mitochondrial membrane.

Active transport

Prostaglandins

Applications of Radioactive Isotopes

Functions of vitamin B6

Describe the secondary structure of proteins.Give examples.

Rickets

Define nitrogen balance. Add a note on the clinical conditions altering nitrogen balance

Describe recombinant DNA technology. What are the applications of the technique

Anti oxidant enzymes and vitamins.

Isoenzymes and its diagnostic importance

Describe the structure and functions of immunoglobulins

Write in detail about sources, RDA, coenzyme forms, causes and deficiency manifestations of folic acid

Describe PCR and its applications. Add a note on its significance in diagnosis of covid-19

Role of cytochromes in Electron transport chain

Trans methylation reactions

Clinical applications of tumor markers

Causes, clinical features, biochemical manifestations and treatment of kwashiorkor.

Name the renal clearance tests. Give details of any one of them. What is its clinical significance

What are the different types of enzyme inhibition. Explain with suitable examples.

Enumerate different immunoglobulins. Describe the structure of immunoglobulin

What is the normal serum calcium level. How is it regulated.

Biochemical defect, clinical features and diagnosis of phenylketonuria.

Define and explain the steps involved in the process of Translation. What is Post Translational modifications, give four examples

What is reverse cholesterol transport.

Primary and secondary immune response

Functions and deficiency manifestations of thiamine

Define dietary fibres. Give suitable examples and their biomedical importance.

Hormones regulating blood glucose level

Salvage pathway of purine synthesis

A 45-year-old known alcoholic for 15 years was admitted to emergency with hematemesis in an unconscious state. On examination he was jaundiced with massive ascites. His serum bilirubin was 11 mg/dL. a) What is your probable diagnosis b) Explain the metabolism of bilirubin in the body c) What are types of hyperbilirubinemias and their causes d) Differentiate different types of jaundice based on biochemical investigations in a table format

Secondary structure of protein

Formation and fate of bilirubin

Importance of Selenium in the human body.

Describe the coenzyme form, sources, biomedical role and deficiency manifestation of syndrome

Classification of enzymes with suitable examples.

Fatty liver

Free radicals

Define point mutation and types with one example

Explain the role of Carnitine in fatty acid oxidation.

Discuss the catabolism of heme. Describe the causes and laboratory finding in obstructive jaundice

Explain the salient features of structural organization of collagen. Mention the major disorders associated with collagen structure and function

Significance of HMP shunt pathway

Mention the biochemical functions of calcium and describe the blood calcium homeostasis

A 49-year-old women was admitted to hospital. She had polyuria, lost weight, had a fruity odour in breath.The following were her lab reports. ● Blood glucose= 450 mg/dl, ● Urine glucose= 4+, Urine Rothera’s test= positive, Urine pH= 5.5 a) What is the probable diagnosis. b) Explain the clinical features of the disorder. c) Write briefly about ketogenesis.

Discuss the structure and functions of immunoglobulin. Add a note on monoclonal antibodies

Diagnostic importance of enzymes

List the cardiac markers

Sources, biochemical functions and deficiency manifestations of niacin.

Enumerate the immunoglobulin and classify their functions. Describe the structure of immunoglobulins.

Enumerate the steps of purine catabolism. Add a note on gout.

Role of carnitine in fatty acid oxidation with the help of a diagram.

Definition and characteristics of denaturation.

A patient gave history of recurrent episodes of vomiting and fever. On examination he was icteric, dehydrated and his liver was palpable. Following is the biochemical report of this patient: Serum total Bilirubin- 12 mg% conjugated bilirubin – 5.5 mg %, unconjugated bilirubin - 6.5 mg %, serum Alkaline phosphatase – 278 IU /L, AST – 235 IU/L , ALT – 365 IU/ L, Bile salts – Negative, Bile Pigments – positive , Fecal stercobilinogen – positive. a) What could be your probable Diagnosis b) Explain how Bilirubin is formed and excreted from the body.

What are mucopolysaccharides. Give examples.

Explain how proteins are digested and absorbed in the body

Iron deficiency Anemia

What are the sources for purine ring. Enumerate the reactions in denovo synthesis of purine nucleotide. Add a note on its regulation.

Trace elements

Explain electron transport chain with a suitable diagram. Add a note on the inhibitors of ETC

Fate of pyruvate

What is mutation. Describe point mutation and frameshift mutation

What is an operon. Draw the basic structure of Lac operon. Explain the regulation of Lac operon under following conditions, a] presence of glucose only and b] presence of lactose only.

Non-Competitive inhibition

DNA repair mechanisms

What are tumour markers. Give examples.

What is the role of buffers in regulating blood pH

Glycemic index: definition and importance

Dietary fibre

Differential diagnosis of Jaundice by Laboratory tests.

ATP synthase complex

Scurvy

Absorption and transport of iron

Describe the Malate Aspartate shuttle.

What are the sources of vitamin A. Enumerate the biochemical role and deficiency manifestations of vitamin A

What is code. Describe the salient features of genetic code

Post transcriptional modifications.

Isomerism of carbohydrates

Role of cytokines in immunity

Give an account of formation of specialized products from glycine and their clinical importance.

Contractile proteins

Fatty liver and lipotropic factors

Transamination

Ribosomes

Regulation of heme synthesis

Biochemical role of iron

Discuss the clinical features, Biochemical basis and diagnosis of Gout

What is Allosteric Inhibition of enzymes. Give one example.

Protein energy malnutrition

tRNA

Functions of vitamin E

Enumerate the sources, daily requirement and deficiency manifestation of vitamin C.

Amphibolic role of TCA cycle

Tumour markers

A 23-year-old man attended endocrinology department with complaints of loss of weight in spite of good appetite and intolerance to heat. His eyes are appearing bigger in the past few weeks. His physician suggested thyroid profile. a) What is the probable diagnosis b) What is the basis for protruding eyes in this patient c) What biochemical changes are expected in the thyroid profile in primary and secondary conditions

Anapleurotic reactions of citric acid cycle

Biochemical role of Vitamin B₁₂

Name the applications of recombinant DNA technology.

List the blot/blotting techniques and the applications of each type.

Lysosomes

What is Von Gierkes disease. Name the enzyme involved.

Name various blotting techniques and their significance Answer briefly

Define Peptide bonds. Enumerate two biochemically important peptides and their significance.

Biochemical test for the investigation of iron deficiency anaemia

Tubular function tests.

Define mutations. Describe the causes of mutation

Explain Homocystinurias in detail, with clinical presentations and lab tests.

Mucosal block theory

What are amphipathic lipids. Add a note on its significance

Suicide Inhibition

Applications of radioisotopes in medicine

Fat is burnt under the fire of carbohydrates. Justify this statement.

Hormonal regulation of calcium level

Biological role of Vitamin K

Ig G

What is isoelectric pH and mention its significance.

Thyroid function tests and their significance

Invert Sugar.

Why heat coagulation is an irreversible process

Name four applications of radioactivity in diagnosis and management of diseases.

A two-year-old was brought to the pediatrics with complaints of increased tiredness and duration of sleep for past 6 weeks. On examination the child was anemic with frontal bossing and dental malocclusion. His Hb electrophoresis was as follows: HbA: 93.6% and HbA2: 6.4%. a) What is the probable diagnosis b) What are the types, clinical features and treatment of this disorder.

Calcitriol formation

Keratin.

Lipotrophic factors

Hartnup’s disease.

Products of HMP shunt pathway

Uses of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)

Significance of 2,3 BPG

Urinary picture of different types of Jaundice

Biochemical basis of allopurinol in the treatment of gout

Biochemical functions of Copper and disorders associated with copper metabolism

Tests for detection of ketone bodies in the urine

Hormones as tumor markers

Enumerate the causes, peripheral blood picture and laboratory findings in Iron deficiency anemia.

Compounds derived from cholesterol

Wilson’s disease

Van den Bergh test

Dietary fiber

Name the tumor markers for (a) prostate carcinoma (b) Colon cancer (c) carcinoid syndrome (d) hepatoma

Passive immunity

What are lipotropic factors and name them.

Functions of apolipoproteins.

Explain the transport of dietary lipids from intestine

Give two examples for Phase II detoxification reaction.

Introns and exons.

Hypoglycemia

Essential amino acids

Application of ELISA test

Protooncogenes are normal cellular genes which are activated to oncogenes. Explain the mechanisms by which protooncogenes are converted to oncogenes with relevant examples.

Okazaki fragments

Outline the pathway of purine catabolism.

Brown adipose tissue.

Compare and contrast amylose and amylopectin.

PUFA (Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids)

Biochemical basis of thalassemia

Orotic aciduria

Liposomes.

Define anion gap and mention its normal range.

Golgi complex

Reactive oxygen species

What is anaplerosis.

Explain the absorption of iron

What is BMR. How is it measured. What is its normal value. What are the factors affecting BMR.

Effects of free radicals

Give two examples for therapeutic uses of enzyme

Causes of mutations

Isoenzymes and their clinical significance

Homocystinuria

Biological effect of radiation on tissues

Creatinine clearance tests and its significance

Differentiate between starch and glycogen.

Differentiate between active and passive immunity

Lung Surfactant.

Biochemical functions of vitamin A

Peroxisomes

C peptide

Alpha fetoprotein

Trans fatty acids

Immunoglobulin E and its significance

Explain how are free radicals scavenged in the body.

Isoenzymes and significance

Acute phase proteins

Micro arrays.

Primary structure of protein.

Role of zinc

Familial hypercholesterolemia

Applications of PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

List two clinical conditions of abnormal haemoglobulin

Discuss the formation of melanin and add a note on albinism

Detoxification of bilirubin

What is Hypokalaemia. Name any one cause.

Formation of 2,3 BPG

Explain the Watson and crick model of DNA

Enumerate the cardiac biomarkers and give an account of their pattern of elevation in myocardial infarction

Protein denaturation

Folic acid antagonists

Chemiosmotic theory

Anion gap

Classify amino acids based on its metabolic fate.

Sources of acetyl CoA.

Glucose Tolerance Test – give two indications. Explain the different responses seen

Isoelectric pH and its significance.

Folate trap Give Precise Answers

Structure of tRNA and its function

Name four therapeutically important enzymes and their significance

Functions of pyridoxal phosphate

Explain how collagen structure is modified after it is synthesized. Add a note on any ONE clinical condition that affects post translational modifications of collagen.

Functions of selenium

Write the differences between DNA and RNA.

Role of oxidative stress in pathogenesis of cancer.

Functions of cholesterol

Write briefly on Covalent modification of enzymes with two suitable examples.

Gout-Clinical features and Lab Diagnosis

Deficiency features of essential fatty acids

Give the differences between hexokinase and glucokinase.

One mechanism of activation of proto-oncogenes to oncogenes

Describe the synthesis of any two compounds of biomedical importance synthesized from glycine

What is genetic code.

Draw and label t – RNA.

Enzyme defect in the methyl malonyl aciduria and refsum’s disease

Rf value

Enumerate the different types of Glucose transporters and their locations. Add a note on glucose absorption in GIT.

Biochemical defect in orotic aciduria

Uronic acid pathway

Epimers

Biochemical functions of selenium

Protein digestion starts in-----------

Hyperkalaemia is treated by giving glucose and insulin. Why

Why is heat coagulation irreversible

Give the normal reference range for serum potassium

List two examples for competitive inhibition with its clinical applications.

Role of Glucuronic acid in Detoxification

NADPH generating steps in HMP shunt pathway

Vandenberg Test

Reference level of S. creatinine and blood urea.

Chromatography

Name two metabolites of biochemical importance formed in HMP pathway

Regulation of absorption of iron

Methemoglobinemias

Name two phospho lipids, and their functions

Scurvy Give precise answers

Van Den Berghs test.

Enzyme defect in Lesch – Nyhan syndrome.

Power house of the cell is --------------

Classification of Lipoproteins

Name any two tumor markers and conditions in which they are elevated

Marasmus

Conjugation phase of Detoxification

Serum electrophoresis and its clinical importance

Alkaptonuria.

Mention one function and one deficiency manifestation of vitamin B₁₂

Action of reverse transcriptase

Name any two inhibitors of replication.

What are the important substances synthesized from tyrosine.

Mention any two applications of PCR

Mention the causes of fatty liver and name the lipotropic factors.

Disease associated with DNA repair

Enzyme defect in (a) Alkaptonuria (b) Von Gierke’s Disease

Enzyme defect in Homocystinuria

Normal value of anion gap

Primary structure of a protein refers to-----------

Name two antimutagens

Sucrose is a non-reducing sugar. Why

What enzymes are required for regeneration of all-trans retinal

Give an example of post transcriptional modification

What is gamma amino butyric acid and mention one function.

Chain breaking and Preventive antioxidants

Name two Non Reducing Disaccharides.

Give RDA for i) Vitamin D ii) Folic Acid

Mention any two applications of Electrophoresis

N functions of t-RNA

Isoelectric pH of albumin

Total ATP synthesized with one molecule of glucose

Give two examples of preventive antioxidants

Restriction endonucleases – types, action and applications.

Name the disease caused by deficiency of Vitamin C.

Functions of iodine.

Marker enzyme for Golgi apparatus

Enzyme defect in (a) Maple Syrup Urine Disease (b) Albinism.

Normal range of serum urea and creatinine

Base-pairing rule

Biochemical basis of Zellweger’s syndrome

Name two inhibitors of translation

Hypokalemia

Name two biologically important peptides.

One element involved in wound healing

Normal serum values of sodium and potassium

Enzyme defect in maple syrup – urine disease

Mention the enzyme deficient in Lesch Nyhan syndrome

Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation.

What is a telomere

Give the marker enzymes for (a) Mitochondria (b) Peroxisomes

Name two oncogenic viruses

Curd is an effective treatment for lactose intolerance. Justify.

Enlist two applications of Southern blotting technique.

Give two examples of high energy compounds

Give the normal anion gap

Name the enzyme that is absent in galactosemia.

Mention the normal serum level of cholesterol.

Structure and two functions of Collagen

Name the essential amino acids.

False positive benedict’s test

Normal plasma levels of (a) sodium (b) potassium

Two tumour suppressor genes.

Mention two examples of post-translational modification.

What is the reason for hypokalaemia in metabolic acidosis

Cytochrome p450

Clinical importance of serum amylase

What is P53.

A patient presented with excretion of urine more than 20 litres per day. Specific gravity of his urine sample was 1.002. What is your diagnosis.

Give two salient points to compare and contrast hexokinase and glucokinase

In glycolysis, which enzyme is inhibited by fluoride.

Define hypoglycemia

Significance of hippuric acid excretion test

Mention the enzyme which is inhibited by fluoride

β - thalassemia

Enzyme defect in acute intermittent porphyria

Name two cardiac markers

References interval for the plasma electrolytes a) sodium b) Potassium

Name the coenzyme forms of a) Pyridoxine b) Pantothenic acid

Limiting aminoacids

Give reason a) 2,3 BPG concentration in RBCs increases in hypoxic conditions. b) Presence of brown adipose tissue in newborns and hibernating animals.

Function of calcium responsible for prevention of tetany

Glycemic index

Normal level of serum uric acid

Name two clinical conditions causing ketosis..

Name two vectors used for gene therapy.

Differentiate between cis and trans fatty acids

Two conditions causing reversal of albumin : globulin ratio

Name the reducing substances excreted in urine

Define optimum temperature.

Give reason: a) Plasmids are used commonly as vectors in recombinant DNA techniques b) Low salt diet is recommended in patients with hypertension

Name two tests based on reducing nature of monosaccharides.

Reference interval of following in plasma a) urea b) creatinine

Name two Acute phase proteins

Mention any two post translational modifications

List the biological role of vitamin B₁₂

Name two non-carbohydrates which give a positive Benedict’s test

Name two inhibitors of electron transport chain

Define Creatinine clearance

Lifelong learning is essential for a physician.

Glutathione

Markers of cholestasis

Name the enzyme deficient in SCID.

Degeneracy of genetic code.

Function of albumin responsible for preventing edema

Give suitable example for suicide enzyme inhibition.

Why vitamin B1 deficiency leads to brain dysfunction.

Name two tumour markers and their significance

Name the key enzymes of neoglucogenesis.

Vitamin deficiency in pellagra

Name two prostaglandins and mention their importance

Define mutation

Name the marker enzyme for alcoholism

Describe the Biochemical basis of – a) Difluoro methyl ornithine (DFMO) is effective against trypanosomiasis. b) Proteolytic enzymes of GIT are secreted as zymogens.

Western blot

Give an example for oxidoreductases. Write one reaction catalyzed by oxidoreductase

Clinical importance of acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase

Coenzyme form of pantothenic acid

Rate limiting enzyme of Heme synthesis

What is apoptosis.

Which tissues prefer anaerobic glycolysis

Orotic aciduria is a feature of deficiency of which enzymes

Give two applications for PCR

What are the iso-enzymes of creatine phosphokinase.

Key enzyme of HMP shunt pathway.

Explain the Biochemical basis of : a) Folate antagonists are used as anti cancer drugs b) Hyperkalemia is a life threatening situation

What are the substrates of Neoglucogenesis.

Define Mutarotation

Name any two Iron containing enzymes

Name two causes of secondary hyperuricaemia

Name a non-glycerol containing phospholipid and mention its significance.

What is the most common cause of hepatocellular jaundice

Biochemistry basis of a) Paradoxical aciduria in metabolic alkalosis b) Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in CO poisoning

Antioxidant vitamins

What is the role of Telomerase enzyme.

Give the normal plasma levels of following parameters (a) Cholesterol (b) Triglycerides

Enzyme deficient in Galactosemia

Biochemical role of vitamin K in coagulation

What is renal glycosuria

Coenzyme form of Niacin

Enzyme markers of hepatic jaundice

Name two mucopolysaccharides.

Folic acid antagonist used in the treatment of cancer

What is the normal blood level of total cholesterol.

Name the RNA with catalytic activity

A primary health care physician regularly encounters patients suffering from different illnesses. Explain the role of physician as a communicator.

Reverse transcriptase

Give an example for anaplerotic reaction

Promoter region

Patients with G6PD deficiency should not be treated with anti-malarials. Why.

Name two inhibitors of RNA synthesis

Name two post transcriptional modifications

Define metabolic acidosis

What are the components of membrane that alter the fluidity.

Doctors should have a commitment for lifelong learning which is important for their professional growth – substantiate the statement.

Give the normal reference range of serum Urea.

Enzyme defect in a) Maple Syrup Urine Disease b) Hereditary Fructose Intolerance

Functions of IgA

Give the principle of RIA

Enzyme defect in MSUD.

Formula to calculate BMI

Which enzyme deficiency causes congenital erythropoietic porphyria

A 55-year-old man was admitted with altered sensorium in emergency department. His lab report was as follows. Serum sodium: 115 mmol/L, serum potassium 4.3 mmol/L, plasma glucose: 83 mg/dL. a) From the given lab report, what is the probable electrolyte imbalance seen in this patient. b) List any THREE causes of the imbalance. c) How is the said serum electrolyte level maintained in the body

Essential fatty acids

Two conditions of hyperuricemia

Give the normal level of serum Calcium.

Fastest moving plasma protein in electrophoresis is---------

Biochemical defect in Lactose intolerance

Which fatty acid accumulation gives rise to Refsum’s disease.

Name two causes for hyperlipidemia

Inhibitor of cytochrome oxidase

Give the normal levels of serum Albumin and Total Protein.

Immunoglobulin which serves as first line of defense

Give the normal reference range for • Serum triglyceride • Serum creatinine

Name two tumor markers and their clinical applications

Two causes of respiratory acidosis

Benzoic acid, a food preservative, is detoxified by-------------

Normal serum cholesterol level

Name the limiting amino acids in (a) Pulses (b) Cereals

Give the normal reference range for serum phosphorous

Regulatory enzyme in cholesterol synthesis

Give the normal albumin : globulin ratio

Give the normal reference range for • Fasting Blood Glucose • Serum cholesterol

Two copper containing enzymes.

Hetero polysaccharide having anticoagulant function

Marker enzyme for mitochondria

Define apoptosis

Name two characteristics of Genetic Code.

Two causes for respiratory acidosis

Enzyme defect in Gaucher's disease.

Name two copper containing enzymes.

Homogentisic acid is excreted in urine in _________

Give two features of genetic code

Name two enzymes that require pyridoxine as coenzyme

Wobble effect

Name two specialized compounds derived from glycine

Name four oncogenes.

Rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis

Name two compounds formed from Tryptophan

Name types of immune responses

Give biological reference range for serum sodium

Microalbuminuria

Which amino acids are used for detoxification.

Name the enzyme defect in acute intermittent porphyria

Two enzymes as tumor markers and their clinical relavance

One example for Prion disease.

Define gluconeogenesis

Name the enzyme activity to assess the deficiency of vitamin B₁

Mention two causes of metabolic alkalosis

Two functions of magnesium

Give the reference interval in plasma to (a) Sodium (b) Chloride

Newborns, especially premature infants, have relative vitamin K deficiency. Why

Two enzymes as antioxidants

Mention two semi essential amino acids

Give the names of compounds used for estimating clearance

Define epimerism

Reference interval of serum sodium and potassium.

Name the rate limiting enzyme of heme synthesis.

Glycolysis is the only source of energy for the following organ a) Brain b) RBC c) Heart d) Skeletal muscle

The rate limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis is a) Squalene synthetase c) Mevalonate kinase b) HMG-CoA reductase d) Ketoacyl reductase

The lipoprotein which donates the apoproteins apo CII and apo E to other lipoproteins is a) LDL b) VLDL c) HDL d) Lp(a)

A patient presented with large yellow tonsils, hepatosplenomegaly, corneal opacity and neuropathy.He most probably suffers from a) Abetalipoproteinemia c) Primary Familial hypercholesterolemia b) Tangier’s disease d) Wolman’s disease

The liver cannot utilize ketone bodies due to lack of the enzyme a) Thiolase b) Thiophorase c) Thioesterase d) All of the above

Transparency of corneal endothelium is maintained by a) Heparan sulphate b) Chondroitin sulphate c) Keratan sulphate d) Hyaluronic acid

All the following are nucleic acids, EXCEPT a) Plasmids b) Prions c) Cosmids d) Virions

All the following statements about a live attenuated vaccine are true, EXCEPT a) A single dose is sufficient b) It induces shorter but effective immunity c) It induces humoral and cell-mediated immunity d) It can be administered by the route of natural infection to induce local immunity

Mismatch repair defect is seen in a) Xeroderma pigmentosa c) MutyH Polyposis b) Hereditary Non polyposis colorectal cancer d) Ataxia Telangiectasia

Which of the following is NOT an emergency investigation a) Potassium b) Fasting glucose c) Creatinine d) Calcium

Which of the following is NOT a nucleoside a) Adenosine b) Guanosine c) Inosine d) Cytosine

Deficiency of all the following enzymes causes hyperuricemia EXCEPT a) Adenosine deaminase b) HGPRTase c) Glucose 6-phosphatase d) Aldolase B

P₅₀ of adult hemoglobin HbA is a) 50 mmHg b) 20 mmHg c) 5 mmHg d) 26 mmHg

Mechanism of action of methotrexate is inhibition of which of the following enzymes a) Ribonucleotide reductase c) Thymidylate synthase b) PRPP synthetase d) Dihydrofolate reductase

Which of the following proteins is NOT a part of core histone octamer a) H2 b) H1 c) H3 d) H4

Acute intermittent porphyria

Enzyme defect in Von Gierke’s disease

Write IUMB classification of enzymes with examples and describe the factors affecting the enzyme activity.

Describe the breakdown of triglycerides, the mobilization of fatty acids. Discuss the beta oxidation of palmitic acid. Add a note on its energetics.

Sources, RDA and biochemical functions of vitamin D

How is heme synthesized. Add a note on its regulation

Describe the structural organization of proteins

Classify proteins based on their functions giving suitable examples

Define obesity. What are the metabolic changes and complications of obesity.

Sources, biochemical functions and deficiency manifestations of thiamine

Discuss the metabolism of chylomicrons

Describe the urea cycle and add a note on its regulation.

Classify phospholipids and enumerate their functions

Define competitive inhibition. Describe the features of competitive inhibition. Give three examples.

Importance of dietary fiber

Importance of HMP shunt pathway

Molecular basis and diagnosis of sickle cell anemia

Name the ketone bodies and describe their synthesis

Enumerate the clinical significance of HMP pathway.

Describe the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates

Mention two high energy compounds

Mention two causes of fatty liver

Mention two derivatives of cholesterol

Mention two important products obtained from Tyrosine

What is HbA1c. What is its significance

Mention the enzyme defects in homocystinuria

Mention two sulphur containing amino acids

Define glycemic index and name one food with low glycemic index

Give two examples for complete protein

Name any two biomarkers of myocardial infarction

Mention two lipotropic factors

Mention the importance of 2,3 BPG

Enzyme defect in galactosemia.

Name two conditions that cause ketosis

Name the semi essential amino acids.

Define atherosclerosis

Give biological reference range for serum triglycerides

Give biological reference range for serum albumin

Reference interval of serum creatinine.