Pathology Previous Year Question Papers

Elaborate about primary biliary cholangitis

Write in detail the pathogenesis of AIDS

Write a note on etiology, pathogenesis and clinical features of osteomyelitis

Enumerate and explain the stages of Lupus Nephritis

Bronchiectasis.

Differences between Transudate and Exudate.

CSF findings in Pyogenic Meningitis.

Cirrhosis of Liver

Von Willebrand’s Disease.

Acute pancreatitis.

Rheumatic Heart Disease.

Paget’s disease of Nipple.

Astrocytoma.

Define Apoptosis. Describe morphological features and mechanism of Apoptosis.

Fat Embolism.

Silicosis.

Transplant rejection.

Down’s syndrome.

Pathology of Vitamin D deficiency.

Complications of Wound Healing.

Microscopy of Schwannoma.

In which of the following vegetation are friable and easily detachable from the cardiac valves: a) Rheumatic fever b) Rheumatoid heart disease c) SLE d) Infective Endocarditis

Epstein Barr virus causes all EXCEPT: a) Infectious Mononucleosis b) Nasopharyngeal carcinoma c) Burkitt's lymphoma d) Acute myeloid leukaemia

Lymphocytosis is not associated with: a) Infectious mononucleosis b) Mumps c) German measles d) Parasitic infestations

'Leather bottle stomach" results from which type of Carcinoma Stomach: a) Ulcerative type b) Diffuse infiltration type c) Polypoidal type d) Fungating type

The features of Crohn’s disease are all except a) Lymphoid hyperplasia b) Skip lesion c) Transmural involvement d) Crypt abscess

M spike in multiple myeloma is usually due to a) IgG b) IgM c) IgE d) IgD

Granular contracted Kidney is seen in all except a) Chronic glomerulonephritis b) Acute glomerulonephritis c) Chronic pyelonephritis d) Benign hypertension

Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis can occur due to all except: a) Busulfan b) Nitrofurantoin c) Tetracycline d) Bleomycin

Microcytic blood picture is seen in all except a) Thalassemia b) Sideroblastic anaemia c) Pernicious anaemia d) Anaemia of chronic disorders

Toxic megacolon is a complication of a) Crohn’s disease b) Ulcerative colitis c) Necrotizing enterocolitis d) Pseudomembranous enterocolitis

All the following have a role to play in hepatocellular carcinoma EXCEPT: a) HBV infection b) HCV invention c) Aflatoxins d) Hepatitis E

Disseminated intravascular coagulation is one of the most dreaded complications of which of the following type of leukemia? a) Acute Myeloid Leukaemia - M2 b) Acute Myeloid Leukemia-M4 c) Acute Myeloid Leukemia-M3 d) Acute lymphoid leukaemia

The most common malignancy of stomach is a) Adenocarcinoma b) Squamous cell carcinoma c) Lymphoma d) Gastrointestinal stromal tumour

All of the following is true for anaemia of chronic diseases except? a) Low serum iron levels b) Low erythropoietin c) Increased hepcidin d) Low ferritin

Total iron binding capacity is raised in a) Iron deficiency anaemia b) Renal disease c) Malignant disease d) Infections

Ghon’s focus is present in: a) Progressive tuberculosis b) Secondary tuberculosis c) Miliary tuberculosis d) Primary tuberculosis

Which of the following is associated with the development of bronchogenic carcinoma and mesothelioma: a) Silicosis b) Asbestosis c) Siderosis d) Anthracosis

Blood transfusion transmits the following viral diseases EXCEPT: a) Dengue haemorrhagic fever b) Hepatitis C c) Parvovirus B-19 d) Hepatitis B

Tuberculous ulcers in bowel have the following features except: a) They begin in the Peyer's patches b) They are transverse to the long axis c) Advanced cases may cause intestinal obstruction d) Diagnostic non caseating granulomas

Defect in sickle cell disease is a) Glutamate residue instead of a valine residue at the 6th amino acid position in (3-globin b) Valine residue instead of a glutamate residue at the 6th amino acid position in 13-globin c) Glutamate residue instead of a valine residue at the 6th amino acid position in a -globin d) Valine residue instead of a glutamate residue at the 6th amino acid position in a-globin

Defective platelet aggregation is seen in a) Bernard-Soulier syndrome b) Glanzman’s syndrome c) Haemophilia d) Vitamin K deficiency

All the following ovarian tumors arise from surface epithelium except: a) Teratoma b) Serous cystadenoma c) Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma d) Brenner tumour

Nodular glomerulosclerosis is characteristic feature of: a) Amyloidosis b) SLE c) Membranous glomerulonephritis d) Diabetes Mellitus

Irreversibility following cell injury is consistently characterized by a) loss of mitochondrial function b) fatty change c) Vacuolar degeneration d) hypertrophy of endoplasmic reticulum

The following hepatitis virus is a DNA virus: a) Hepatitis A b) Hepatitis B c) Hepatitis C d) Hepatitis E

Hodgkin lymphoma with frequent mononuclear cells and classical Reed Sternberg a) Nodular sclerosis b) Lymphocyte depletion c) Mixed cellularity d) Lymphocyte predominance

An young man met with a road accident and had left femoral fracture after which his leg was immobilized in a plaster cast for 6 weeks following which the diameter of the left calf was decreased in size. This change in size is most likely to result from which of the following alterations in his calf muscles? a) Hyperplasia b) Atrophy c) Dystrophy d) Hyalinosis

Sunray appearance in osteosarcoma is due to? a) Periosteal reaction b) Osteonecrosis c) Formation of osteoid along vessels d) Calcification

What is FALSE about Phaeochromocytoma? a) A tumour of adrenal cortex b) Tumour secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine c) Tumour cells are chromaffin positive d) Clinically associated with labile hypertension

Not a cardinal sign of inflammation is a) Palor b) Calor c) Dolor d) Loss of function

The most common soft tissue tumour in adults is a) Synovial sarcoma b) Lipoma c) Neurofibroma d) Fibroma

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura is characterized by: a) Decreased platelet survival b) Decreased production of platelets c) Hypersplenism d) Dilutional thrombocytopenia

In case of tissue subjected to hypoxic damage the cells in this tissue begin to swell with chromatin clumping in cell nuclei, ATPases are activated, and ATP production decreases. Which of the following ions accumulating in mitochondria and the cytosol contributes most to these findings and to eventual cell death? a) Ca2+ b) Cl- c) HCO3- d) K+

Medial calcific sclerosis is a type of a) Metastatic calcification b) Dystrophic calcification c) Both metastatic and dystrophic calcification d) Neither metastatic nor dystrophic calcification

Commonest sarcoma in children is- a) Rhabdomyosarcoma b) Lipoma c) Angiosarcoma d) Fibrosarcoma

Oedema resulting from renal dysfunction often manifests first in a) Legs b) Sacral region c) Peri-orbital region d) Lungs

Organ not involved in MEN-1 syndrome is a) Parathyroid b) Pancreas c) Thyroid d) Pituitary

Bombay phenotype are the individuals who: a) Lack H genes and therefore H substance b) Possess A, B antigens c) Secrete excessive amount of H substance d) Lack C, D and E antigens

A child with a history of recurrent infections with pyogenic bacteria had an area of soft tissue necrosis and the microscopic examination of the biopsy obtained from this tissue showed microbial organisms, but very few neutrophils. The analysis of the case showed neutrophil functional defect involving rolling. The most probable cause of increased susceptibility to infection is a defect involving which of the following molecules? a) Selectins b) Complement C3b c) Integrins d) Leukotriene B4

Cell of origin of meningioma is from: a) Dura mater b) Arachnoid cap cell layer c) Pia mater d) Choroid plexus

Pulseless disease is an alternative name for a) Temporal arteritis b) Kawasaki's disease c) Buerger's disease d) Takayasu arteritis

Nutmeg liver is the description of morphology occurring in which of the following conditions a) Hyperaemia of liver b) Chronic venous congestion of liver c) Cirrhosis of liver d) Inflammation of liver

MacCallum's patch appears in the region of: a) Endocardial surface in the posterior wall of left atrium b) Pericardial surface in the posterior wall of left ventricle c) Pericardial surface in the posterior wall of left atrium d) Endocardial surface in the posterior wall of left ventricle

Cyclin dependent Kinases are all except a) P57 b) P21 c) P53 d) P27

Diabetic foot is an example of: a) Dry gangrene b) Wet gangrene c) Gas gangrene d) Necrotizing inflammation

A 55 year-old man presented with sudden onset of bleeding on defecation and had history of changes in bowel habits, cramping and left lower quadrant discomfort. He was found to be having adenocarcinoma of colon. Which part is affected in such a case? a) Rectum b) Descending colon c) Caecum and ileo caecal valve d) Ascending colon

Locally invasive skin tumor called Rodent ulcer is a) Squamous cell carcinoma b) Basal cell carcinoma c) Sebaceous carcinoma d) Cylindroma

CREST syndrome is associated with a) SLE b) Systemic sclerosis c) Sjogren syndrome d) Rheumatoid arthritis

A 60-year-old man, who is a chain-smoker had cough and weight loss since 3 months. Physical examination shows clubbing of the fingers. A chest radiograph shows no hilar adenopathy, but there is cavitation within a 3-cm lesion near the right hilum. Laboratory tests show mild anaemia and hypercalcemia. Bronchoscopy shows a lesion almost occluding the right main bronchus. What is the most probable neoplasm? a) Adenocarcinoma in situ b) Squamous cell carcinoma c) Large cell anaplastic carcinoma d) Metastatic renal cell carcinoma

Not a stain for Amyloid is a) Congo red b) Methyl violet c) Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride d) Thioflavin T

Enzyme which prevents cell ageing a) Catalase b) Superoxide dismutase c) Metalloproteinase d) Telomerase

A 34-year-old woman sustained trauma to her right breast. Initially, there was a 3-cm contusion beneath the skin that resolved within 3 weeks, but she then felt a firm, painless lump that persisted below the site of the bruise 1 month later. What is the most likely diagnosis for this lump? a) Abscess b) Fat necrosis c) Fibroadenoma d) Sclerosing adenosis

Classic perivascular structures seen in testicular yolk sac tumours are known as: a) Schiller -Duval bodies b) Call—Exner bodies c) Michaelis-Guttmann bodies d) Russel bodies

Identify the misnomer a) chondroma b) Papilloma c) Seminoma d) Lymphangioma

Not a Sex cord tumour of ovary is a) Granulosa cell tumour b) Dysgerminoma c) Thecoma d) Leydig cell tumour

Not a cause of oedema is a) Increased hydrostatic pressure b) Increased plasma oncotic pressure c) Lymphatic obstruction d) Sodium retention

Amyloidosis results from abnormal folding of proteins, which are insoluble, aggregate, and deposit as: a) Fibrils in extracellular tissues b) Intracellular deposits c) Intranuclear inclusions d) In the meninges

A 76-year-old man has a slowly enlarging nodule on his right eyelid for 4 years. On physical examination, there is a 0.3-cm pearly nodule on the upper eyelid. The lesion is excised, with wider margins removed taking care to preserve the eyelid. The microscopic appearance of the lesion shows dark tumor cells arranged in nests having peripheral palisading. What is the most likely diagnosis? a) Actinic keratosis b) Basal cell carcinoma c) Dermatofibroma d) Malignant melanoma

The most frequent association of squamous cell carcinoma penis is with a) HPV type 6 b) HPV type 11 c) HPV type 44 d) HPV type 16

Rarest site for tumor metastasis is a) Bone b) Lung c) Liver d) Skeletal muscle

Classify Tumours of Large Intestine. Discuss the etiopathogenesis and morphology of Colonic Cancer.

Define Necrosis. Discuss in detail about different types of Necrosis with suitable examples.

A 8 year old boy was admitted with history of puffiness of face and passing of red coloured urine, following upper respiratory tract infection 2 weeks earlier. Urine examination showed moderated proteinuria and haematuria. a. What is your probable diagnosis? b. Describe the etiopathogenesis of that condition. c. Give the morphology of the organ affected. d. List the investigations that you would do to confirm diagnosis.

Classify Tumours of Bone. Describe gross and microscopy of Osteosarcoma.

Define Amyloidosis. Explain the gross and microscopic features of the organs involved in secondary Amyloidosis with its staining reactions.

Define and classify Pneumonia. Discuss the pathology and complications of Lobar Pneumonia.

Define and Classify of Leukaemia. Discuss the Chromosomal abnormality and lab findings in Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia.

A 2-year-old child was brought Paediatric outpatient with history of failure to thrive. O/E child is Anaemic with mongoloid face, i.e. with Malar Eminence, Frontal bossing, X-ray skull shows hair on end appearance, moderate splenomegaly and hepatomegaly. What is your provisional diagnosis? Discuss about pathogenesis and lab diagnosis of this condition.

Classify Cirrhosis. Describe the pathogenesis and pathology of Alcoholic Cirrhosis.

Classify Haemolytic Anaemia. Discuss the laboratory diagnosis of Haemolytic Anaemia.

Discuss about pathological Calcification.

Discuss the pathology of Dysgerminoma.

Complications of Myocardial Infarction.

Describe Gaucher’s Disease.

Special stains used to demonstrate Amyloid.

Describe the pathogenesis of Barett’s Oesophagus.

Kidney changes in Diabetes Mellitus.

Etiopathogenesis of Thrombus.

Nephrotic Syndrome.

Classify Hodgkin’s disease. Add a note on Nodular Sclerosis.

Neimann Pick disease.

WHO classification of AML.

Renal changes in Diabetes.

Discuss gross and microscopy of Phyllodes Tumour.

Choriocarcinoma.

Ochronosis.

Discuss the pathology of Pheochromocytoma.

Mycetoma.

Write the morphology of Osteosarcoma.

Aplastic Anaemia.

Osteoclastoma.

Mallory Weiss Syndrome.

Three types of Necrosis with examples.

Enumerate risk factors of Carcinoma Cervix.

Enumerate the causes of Cryptorchidism.

Caisson’s Disease.

MacCallum Plaques.

Classify Thyroid tumour.

Hyper segmented Neutrophil.

Pyogenic Osteomyelitis.

Three Opportunistic infections in HIV infection.

CSF in Pyogenic Meningitis.

Enumerate any three Testicular Tumours.

Morphology of Megaloblast.

Microscopy of Rhinosporidiosis.

Aschoff’s Body.

Hyperparathyroidism.

Negri bodies.

Define and enumerate the causes of Aneurysms.

Enumerate anticoagulants in Haematology.

Granuloma.

Indications of Semen Analysis.

Bone marrow picture in B12 deficiency.

Morphology of Warthin’s Tumour.

Teratoma.

Rickets.

CSF findings in tuberculous meningitis.

Fate of thrombus

Emphysema.

Ghon’s complex.

Exfoliative cytology.

Bone marrow findings in megaloblastic anemia.

Pap smear

Linitis plastica.

Bombay blood group.

Bence-Jones protein

Dystrophic Calcification.

Metaplasia.

Berry aneurysm.

Gaucher’s disease

Microscopic picture of Malignant Melanoma.

Virchow’s triad

Barr body

Krukenberg tumor

Advantages of fine needle aspiration cytology

Packed cell volume.

Complications of bronchiectasis.

Philadelphia chromosome

Pleomorphic adenoma.

Stages of E.S.R

Prognostic factors in breast cancer.

Red cell indices

Blood transfusion reaction

Uses of Buffy coat

Complications of cirrhosis

Phyllodes tumor.

Pheochromocytoma.

Indications for bone marrow aspiration

Cholelithiasis.

Mention types of renal stones.

Enumerate the causes of thrombocytopenia.

Define Metaplasia with examples

Carcinoid tumor

Differences in CSF findings between pyogenic and Tuberculous meningitis

Morphology of caseous necrosis

Classification of cirrhosis of liver

Draw labelled diagram of fatty liver.

Sputum findings in Bronchial asthma.

Discuss any two tests for proteinuria.

Classify gall stones

Name three endogenous pigments

Labelled microscopic diagram of Osteoclastoma

Arthus reaction.

Malignant Nephrosclerosis.

Gout

List any three tumour suppressor genes.

Carcinoid syndrome.

Cytochemical stains used in Acute leukemia.

Blood transfusion transmitted diseases.

Multicystic renal dysplasia

Fate of primary tuberculosis

Write a note on Glioblastoma multiforme

Microscopic findings of Hashimotos thyroiditis with labelled diagram.

Name four brain tumors

Acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Name three complications of Falciparum malaria.

List three autosomal dominat disorders.

Microscopy of neuroblastoma.

Write three morphological features of urothelial carcinoma of urinary bladder

Define and classify necrosis.

Tumour markers of carcinoma breast.

Peripheral smear and bone marrow findings in Aplastic anemia

Stains for amyloidosis.

Morphological forms of Bronchiectasis

Three causes of splenomegaly.

What is exfoliative cytology?

Qualitative platelet defects.

Menton three conditions associated with Helicobacter pylori.

Name three causes of massive splenomegaly

Morphology of myocardial infarction

Components of Virchow’s triad

Patent ductus arteriosus

Advantages of FNAC

Give suitable examples for type II hypersensitivity reaction

Microscopic features of Granulosa cell tumor of ovary.

Morphology of Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma

Describe the morphology of Basal cell carcinoma of skin

Enumerate risk factors for Pneumoconiosis.

Morphology of pleomorphic adenoma.

Tuberculoid leprosy.

Three stains used to demonstrate Fat.

Mention six childhood tumors.

Name the tumors caused by Epstein-Barr virus

Psammoma bodies.

Mention three causes of metastatic calcification.

Name two fixatives and two stains used in cytology

Morphology of cystic teratoma of ovary

Three types of renal cell carcinoma.

Name three indications of bone marrow examination

Simple cystic hyperplasia of Endometrium.

Enumerate the Romanoswsky group of stains

Morphology of chronic cholecystitis

Risk factors of carcinoma breast

Auto antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus

Consequenses and complications of myocardial infarction

Morphological pattern of pericarditis.

Barr bodies.

Definition and morphology of Leukoplakia.

Three important prognostic factors of breast carcinoma

Causes for Fatty liver.

Three causes for massive spleenomegaly.

Name three conditions with raised ESR

Name three health hazards of chronic alcoholism.

List three causes of increased ESR.

Anticoagulants used for coagulation studies

Cerebral malaria.

Pagets disease of Bone.

List three anticoagulants.

Morphology of basal cell carcinoma.

Enumerate the glial neoplasms of brain

Name the transfusion transmitted diseases

Define granuloma and draw a neat diagram.

Complications of atherosclerosis.

Enumerate the conditions that cause COPD.

Three central nervous system tumours.

What are the six causes of proteinuria?

Enumerate the blood products available for transfusion.

Morphology of Ewings sarcoma.

List the causes of neutrophilia.

Give three examples of surface epithelial tumours of ovary

Histopathologic types of carcinoma lung

Microscopy of pleomorphic adenoma

Features of anaplasia

Hyaline membrane disease

Microscopy of malignant melanoma

Indication for semen analysis

Principle of estimation of hemoglobin by Cyanmethemoglobin method

Cervical carcinoma in situ

Cardiac vegetations

Microscopic findings in papillary carcinoma thyroid.

Causes of hydronephrosis

Define chemotaxis. Name two chemotactic agents

Primary wound healing

Name the pre blood transfusion screening tests done in Blood Bank.

List three cell cycle regulators.

Mention the different methods of hemoglobin estimation.

Barretts esophagus.

Aneurysmal bone cyst.

Warthin’s tumour

Name three indications for bone marrow aspiration

Gynecomastia

Chocolate cyst.

Cross matching of blood

List six examples for metaplasia

Microscopy of squamous cell carcinoma of skin.

What is nephrotic syndrome? Name the commonest cause in children

What are Supra vital stains? Give examples

Define microalbuminuria and what is its significance?

Morphology of iodine deficiency goiter

Cushing’s syndrome

Anticoagulants used in hematology lab

Microscopic features of squamous cell carcinoma.

Name the causes of increased and decreased ESR

Describe the morphology of pleomorphic adenoma

Name three complications of portal hypertension.

Teratoma ovary.

Morphological types of Hodgkins lymphoma.

What is Bence Jones protein and its cause in urine.

List three components of Virchow’s triad.

List the causes of hematuria.

Chemokines.

Gross features of Seminoma.

Sago spleen.

Oligodendroglioma.

Diabetic kidney

Urinary cast

Microscopic features of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.

Liver abscess

Amyloid spleen.

Write about any three red blood indices

Labelled microscopic diagram of Hodgkins lymphoma.

Direct Coombs test

Microscopy of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Name four causes of cirrhosis liver

Labelled microscopic diagram of osteosarcoma

Name the most commonly used anticoagulants in hematology

Microscopy of amoebic colitis

Causes for leucopenia

Morphology of Giant cell tumor of bone

Describe the morphology of Bronchiectasis

Microscopic findings in Crohn’s disease.

Name the pigmented lesions of the skin

Auer rods.

Peripheral smear findings in accelerated phase of chronic myeloid leukemia

Name three Arachidonic acid metabolites.

Mention three haemoparasite.

Bence jones proteins

Microscopic picture of Pleomorphic adenoma of salivary gland.

Mention cardinal signs of inflammation.

Microscopic picture of Adenomyosis.

List the complications associated with lung cancer

What is Frozen section? Mention its advantages

CSF findings in tubercular meningitis.

Microscopic appearance of Papillary carcinoma thyroid

Tophi

Enumerate the types of necrosis with examples

Draw a labelled diagram of an example of acute inflammation.

Name three causes for massive splenomegaly.

Anticoagulants used for ESR estimation

Enumerate the stages of pneumonia

CSF examination in viral meningitis

Complications of Lobar pneumonia

Morphology of alcoholic liver disease

Microscopy of osteoclastoma.

Name the fixatives used in histopathology and cytology

List the types of Gall stone and write three complications

Biochemical markers available for Myocardial Infarction.

Paraneoplastic syndromes of small cell carcinoma of the lung

Microscopic diagrams of malignant melanoma.

Mandatory serological test in screening of blood donors

Define infarction with four example.

Mention Six screening tests for blood donation.

Enumerate the conditions of raised ESR.

Three causes of target cells in peripheral smear.

Verocay bodies.

Mention three hemoparasites.

Pleomorphic adenoma of salivary glands

Types of Reed Sternberg Cells

L.E Cell

Draw peripheral smear picture of Megaloblastic anaemia.

Microscopic features of Osteosarcoma.

Precancerous conditions of GIT

Three precancerous lesions of skin.

What is ESR? Enumerate four causes of increase ESR

List the causes associated with variation in urine specific gravity

Being prostatic hyperplasia.

Principle of Sickling test

Microscopy of atherosclerosis

M protein in multiple myeloma

Morphology of papillary carcinoma thyroid

Labelled microscopic diagram of Schwannoma

Indications for FNAC and its pitfalls

Pyogenic meningitis

Tuberculous Osteomyelitis

Pernicious anemia

Enzyme levels in acute myocardial infarction.

Causes and morphology of Nutmeg liver

Renal complications of diabetes mellitus

Labelled microscopic diagram of Warthin’s tumor.

Paget disease of breast

Three microscopic subtypes of Osteosarcoma.

Causes of proteinuria.

Immediate complications of blood transfusion

Three beneficial effects of Edema and why?

Mention three causes of Neutropenia.

Enumerate neoplasms found in patients with HIV infection.

Mention three causes of increased ESR.

Name three thyroid malignancies.

Principle of benedicts test and its advantages

Causes of Thrombocytopenia.

Contracted kidney

List the manifestations of syphilis.

Complications of Brain tumor.

Name special stains for Amyloid.

Fibroadenoma of breast

Define Paraneoplastic syndromes with examples

Precancerous lesions of esophagus

Name the conditions where reticulocyte count increases

Pagets disease of bone – morphology

Systemic causes for delayed wound healing

Type II Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndrome

Mention two uses of trisodium citrate as an anticoagulant in hematology.

Describe the morphology of Phyllodes tumour of breast

Morphological types of Cardiomyopathies.

Hazards of ultraviolet rays radiation.

Mention three indications for bone marrow aspiration.

Name the available blood components

Mention three common opportunistic infections in AIDS.

Bowens disease

List three gestational trophoblastic diseases.

Laboratory diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia

Causes of increased and decreased specific gravity of urine

Morphology of Lobar Pneumonia

Microscopy of seminoma

Uses of packed cell volume

LE cell

Osteitis fibrosa cystica

Complications of Bronchogenic carcinoma.

Indication for bone marrow aspiration and why?

List the crystals found in acidic urine.

Three disadvantages of Sahli’s Hb estimation

Name the tumors of the lung.

Microscopy of papillary carcinoma thyroid.

Urinometer

Microscopic diagram of Adenocarcinoma of colon.

Renal function tests.

Gross and microscopy of hepatocellular carcinoma

Enumerate the conditions where PCV is altered.

Differences between nephritic and nephrotic syndrome

Von Recklinghausen’s disease

Mention the tests done in routine urine examination.

Cryptorchidism and its complications

Describe the pathogenesis, gross, microscopy and complications of gastric ulcer.

Classify lung tumors. Describe etiopathogenesis, morphology of Bronchogenic carcinoma.

Define Cirrhosis. Classify and describe the pathology and complications of alcoholic liver cirrhosis.

A 45 year old Male presented with few episodes of hematemesis. History revealed heavy alcohol consumption for the past 10 years. Clinical examination shows ascites and spleenomegaly. a) What is the probable diagnosis and why? b) Describe in detail about etiopathogenesis and its complications.

60 year old male presented with complaints of pedal edema and exertional dyspnoea. On investigation his Hemoglobin was 3.5 g/dl and he had raised brain natriuretic peptide. Blood pressure was 90/50 mm of Hg and heart rate was 60 bpm. He is not a diabetic or hypertensive. He was diagnosed with congestive heart failure. a) List the types of edema b) Identify the type of edema in the above clinical history c) Describe the pathophysiology, clinical features and consequences of this condition

A 12 year boy presented with sudden onset of fever and vomiting with abdominal pain. On palpation there is tenderness at MC Burney’s point a) What is the probable diagnosis? b) Define inflammation? Enumerate cellular events of inflammation c) Outcomes of acute inflammation

Classify shock. Discuss in detail the etiopathogenesis of septic shock.

Define inflammation. Mention the types of inflammation and describe the vascular events in inflammation.

Describe the pathogenesis, pathology of Leprosy. Add a note on the laboratory diagnosis.

65 year old male, known case of interstitial lung disease and pulmonary hypertension is brought to the emergency department with decreased urine output and altered sensorium. On examination pulse is 123 beats/min, BP- 96/60 mmhg, RR-28cycles/min with cold extremities. a. What is the probable clinical diagnosis? b. Discuss the pathogenesis and various organ changes. c. Enumerate the laboratory findings.

40 year police constable gives history of epigastric pain and it is relieved after eating certain food, for the last six months. Now he is presenting with dark coloured stools. a) What is your diagnosis? b) Describe the etiology, pathogenesis and microscopic feature of this condition c) Write its complications

Define thrombosis. Discuss Virchow’s triad and enlist the fate of thrombus.

A 50 year male with history of chronic alcohol consumption, presented with distended abdomen. Ultrasound scan show reduced size of liver a) What is your diagnosis? b) Describe the pathogenesis and progression of this condition c) Complications of this condition

A middle-aged female presented with migratory polyarthritis, weak heart sound, tachycardia, pericardial friction rub following recurrent attacks of Pharyngitis. a) What is your diagnosis? b) Describe the pathophysiology and morphology of this condition. c) List the complications associated with this condition

a) Define Necrosis b) Describe the various types of necrosis with suitable examples c) How does it differ from Apoptosis?

10 year old male presented with pain abdomen, fever and vomiting of one day duration. On examination there is tenderness over Mcburney’s point. Ultrasound examination of the abdomen showed evidence of dilated appendix. a) What type of inflammation is seen in this condition? b) Discuss the cellular events occurring in this condition c) List the chemical mediators that facilitate the cellular events

50 year female presented with lump breast on the right side. On examination the lump measured 5 cm in size with restricted mobility. There was nipple retraction with axillary lymphadenopathy. a) What is the probable diagnosis? b) Write the classification, morphology and microscopy of the lesion c) Write the prognostic markers of the lesion.

Discuss the etiology, pathology and complications of Nephrotic syndrome.

Define thrombosis. Explain in detail about pathogenesis of thrombosis. Add a note on fate of thrombus

30-year female admitted to emergency with high grade fever, hypotension, weak, rapid pulse, tachypnea and cold, clammy, cyanotic skin. Blood culture showed gram negative bacteria. She succumbed due to dysfunction in multiple organs. a) What is the likely diagnosis? b) Discuss the etiopathogenesis of this condition. c) Describe the morphology of organs involved.

20 year female was admitted with high grade fever and hypotension. Blood culture showed gram negative bacteria. She died due to multi-organ failure. a) What is the diagnosis? b) Discuss the etiopathogenesis of the condition c) Describe the morphological changes of lung and kidney in this disease

A 65 year old female, presented with bloody discharge from nipple and palpable lump 3x2cm. Mammogram revealed complex lesion with calcification. a. What is the probable diagnosis and why? b. Describe etiopathology of this condition. c. Mention various histological subtypes of this disease.

Define Shock. Enumerate the types of shock and discuss in detail the pathogenesis of Septic Shock.

70 year old male, complaints of loss of appetite and weight loss since 6 months. Clinical examination revealed a mass palpable in the epigastric region. Upper GI endoscopy showed an ulceroproliferative growth in lesser curvature of stomach a) What is your diagnosis? b) Describe etiopathogenesis and morphology of this condition

Describe the etiopathogenesis and lab diagnosis of megaloblastic anemia

a) Classify Bone tumors b) Discuss the pathogenesis and clinicopathologic features of osteosarcoma

60 year old chronic alcoholic reports to emergency room with one bout of hematemesis. On examination the patient is drowsy and not oriented. Icterus is present. Per abdominal examination reveals Ascites. a) What is your diagnosis? b) Describe the gross and microscopy of the organ involved c) List the complications of the above condition

Classify ovarian neoplasms. Describe serous tumors of ovary in detail.

40 year old farmer admitted to the hospital with high fever. He gives history of an injury to his left leg resulting in an ulcer 15 days ago. On examination his pulse is 110/min, blood pressure is 70/50 mmHg a) What is your diagnosis? b) Describe the stages of this condition c) Discuss the pathophysiology of the above condition

Describe the etiopathogenesis and morphological features of colorectal carcinoma

Describe the etiopathogenesis, morphological changes and lab diagnosis of AIDS

50 year male admitted with complaints of epigastic pain with nausea and vomiting. Pain is relived after food or by ingestion of alkali. a) What is your diagnosis? b) Describe the etiopathogenesis of the condition c) Describe the gross and microscopy of the lesion

Define neoplasia. Differences between benign and malignant tumors. Add a note on chemical Carcinogens.

Describe the etiopathogenesis and morphology of Carcinoma Stomach.

A 55 year old male patient presented with retrosternal pain radiating to left arm, dyspnoea and sweating of sudden onset. Patient is a known smoker for the last 20 years a) What is the provisional diagnosis? b) Write in detail about the morphological changes of the organ involved c) Write the biochemical markers indicative of the condition d) Mention the complications of the disease

A 45 year old multiparous female, presented with complication of post-coital bleeding and foul smelling white discharge per vagina. On per speculum examination growth bleeds on touch noted. a. What is the probable diagnosis and why? b. Discuss the risk factors and etiopathogenesis. c. Add a note on screening test for the above condition.

Describe the etiopathogenesis, pathology and complications of Gastric carcinoma.

Describe etiopathogenesis of Nephritic Syndrome. Explain the morphological features and complications of post infectious Glomerulonephritis.

30 year old male on pure vegetarian diet presents with restlessness, fatigue, dizziness, tingling and numbness in his legs. On routine blood evaluation his hemoglobin was found to be 7gms/dl and MCV of 110 fl. Patient was also found to have reticulocytopenia a. What is the most probable diagnosis? b. Describe the etiology, pathogenesis, peripheral smear and bone marrow findings of Megaloblastic anemia.

A 20 year male patient presented with swelling of both knees and pain for the past one week. He gives history of similar episodes earlier. He also gives history of excessive bleeding after minor injuries. His maternal uncle has similar complaints and has been treated by repeated blood transfusions following excessive bleeding episodes a) What are the probable differential diagnosis? b) What are the laboratory investigations required for the diagnosis? c) What is the etiopathogenesis of these disorders? d) How will you make the final specific diagnosis?

Classify acute leukemia. Discuss acute myeloid leukemia and its sub types.

Enumerate the causes of thrombocytopenia and discuss the pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of idiopathic thrombocytopenic Purpura.

Describe the laboratory diagnosis of Acute myeloid leukemia.

28 year old female presented with history of menorrhagia. She gives history of fever 15days back. On examination pallor and petechiae present. No splenomegaly. CBC reveals Hemoglobin- 7.6 gm/dl, WBC count- 6000 cells/cumm, Platelet- 28,000/cumm. a. What is the clinical diagnosis and why? b. Discuss the etiopathogenesis of the above condition c. Enumerate the lab findings investigations

60 year female presented with right flank pain and weight loss with fatigue for 3 month duration. Ultrasound scan shows renal mass in the upper pole measuring 4.3 x 4 cm. urine microscopy of the patient shows plenty of RBCs. a) What is your diagnosis? b) Describe the pathogenesis and microscopic variants of the disease c) Add a note on spread of this disease

A chronic smoker with history of exertional dyspnoea and weight loss, died of road accident. On autopsy his both lungs is voluminous with rib markings on its surface. a) What is your diagnosis? b) Describe its different types c) What are its complications

A 50-year-old postmenopausal woman presented with hard lump of 8x8 cm in the lower outer quadrant of left breast. Fine needle aspiration cytology showed groups and clusters of ductal epithelial cells with cellular and nuclear atypia. a) What is your diagnosis? b) Discuss the morphology and list the types of the above condition. c) Enumerate the prognostic factors of the disease.

a) Define Anemia b) Classify anemias according to aetiology c) Discuss the morphology and lab diagnosis of Iron deficiency anemia

13 year old male has sudden onset of severe abdominal pain and cramping accompanied by chest pain, non productive cough, pain in the bones of the hand and fever. Physical examination revealed that his temperature is 39C and pulse rate is 110/min. He has diffuse abdominal tenderness and spleenomegaly. Lab studies show haematocrit of 18% and peripheral smear showed sickle shaped cells. X ray chest showed bilateral pulmonary infiltrates a) Discuss the pathogenesis of the sudden onset symptoms in the child b) Discuss the laboratory investigations relevant to the history provided

35 year old female presents with history of breathlessness and palpitations on exertion since 6 months. Past history recurrent sore throat during childhood. On examination a mild diastolic murmur in the mitral area. a) What is the diagnosis? b) Discuss the etiopathogenesis of the condition c) Describe the morphologic features of the organ involved

Describe the etiopathogenesis, morphology and complications of Infective endocarditis.

Classify ovarian tumours. Describe the gross and microscopy of mature cystic teratoma of ovary.

Define Apoptosis and give examples. Describe the mechanism of apoptosis

30-year male vegetarian and chronic gastritis patient was evaluated for the pallor, paresthesia of extremities. a) What is the type of anemia? b) Discuss the etiopathogenesis and pathology associated with this condition c) Add a note on laboratory investigations in the work up of this patient.

45 year old female presents to OPD with easy fatigability and breathlessness from two months. She complains of menorrhagia since 6 months. On examination she has pallor and koilonychia a) What is your diagnosis? b) Describe the pheripheral smear and bone marrow findings in this case c) Discuss RBC indices with reference to this case

Describe etiopathogenesis of Coronary Atherosclerosis. Explain morphology of heart in Myocardial Infarction.

Define anemia. Classify anemia. Write in detail about megaloblastic anemia.

What is myocardial infarction? Discuss the etiopathogenesis with morphology. Add note on laboratory diagnosis

Describe the cellular and vascular events in acute inflammation

a) Discuss the aetiopathogenesis of carcinoma colon b) Mention the significance of familiar Adenomatous polyposis c) Discuss the morphology of carcinoma rectum

55 year old male presented history of chest pain of acute onset. Pain radiating to left shoulder and arm. ECG shows ST segment, elevation and T wave inversion. a) What is your diagnosis? b) Describe the etiopathogenesis of this condition c) What are the immediate complications?

Classify Hemolytic anemias. Discuss Sickle cell anemia.

Write the diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus. Classify diabetes mellitus. Describe the pathogenesis for type II DM.

3 years old female child admitted to paediatric ward with long history of pallor and passing high coloured urine. There is a history of consanguineous marriage among parents. On examination child has pallor, stunted growth, icterus and enlarged spleen. a) What is your diagnosis? b) Describe the molecular pathogenesis of this condition c) Discuss the lab diagnosis of the above condition

Classification and microscopic features of acute glomerulonephritis

Define Necrosis. Describe the different types of necrosis in detail

5 year old male child complaints of facial puffiness and swelling of lower limbs. Urine examination is positive for protein. a) What is your diagnosis? b) Discuss the etiopathogenesis in this condition c) Discuss the urinary and biochemical characteristics of this condition

Define Leukemia. Write a note on FAB classification of acute myeloid Leukemias. Add a note on acute myeloid leukemia.

Describe the macroscopic and microscopic appearances of Myocardial infract. Briefly discuss the laboratory diagnosis.

A 60 year old man developed loss of weight, upper abdominal pain, anorexia and hematemesis in the last three months. An endoscopy was done which revealed an exophytic mass in the gastric region. a) What is the probable diagnosis? b) Discuss the etiopathogenesis c) Describe in detail the morphology of the lesion d) Describe the mode of spread

Differences between ulcerative colitis and Crohns disease.

Basal cell carcinoma.

Schwannoma.

papillary carcinoma of thyroid

Medulloblastoma.

Gall stones.

3. Chemical Carcinogenesis.

Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia.

Klinefelter syndrome.

Cryptorchidism

Endometriosis

Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis

1. Opportunistic infections in AIDS

Semen analysis

Seminoma.

Chronic pyelonephritis.

Pathological calcification.

Sickle cell anemia

Chemotaxis

Hashimotos thyroiditis.

Turner syndrome

Coomb’s test.

1. Differences between necrosis and apoptosis.

Malignant melanoma

Septic shock

2. Mechanism of metastasis.

3. Lepromatous leprosy

Pathogenesis of Amyloidosis

Medullary carcinoma of Thyroid.

Germ cell tumours of Testis.

Benign prostastic hyperplasia

Bronchial asthma

Meningioma.

Type IV hypersensitivity

Type I hypersensitivity.

Pathogenesis of Type I Diabetes Mellitus.

Tumor markers

Seminoma Testis

Warthin’s tumor

Endometrial hyperplasia

Classification of Hodgkin’s lymphoma.

Viral carcinogenesis.

Indications of Bone marrow aspiration

Tetralogy of Fallot.

Neuroblastoma.

CSF findings in viral meningitis.

Complications of Blood transfusion.

Aplastic anemia

Morphology of heart in Rheumatic Heart Disease.

Etiopathogenesis of Bronchial Asthma.

Discuss in brief classification of Leprosy.

Causes of fatty liver.

Describe the various vascular events involved in acute inflammation.

1. Subacute bacterial endocarditis.

Define and discuss pathogenesis of Metaplasia with examples.

1. Microscopic variants of Hodgkins Lymphoma.

1. Squamous intraepithelial lesions of the uterine cervix.

Peptic ulcer disease

Gross and microscopy of myocardial infarction.

Laboratory diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus

Early and late complications of Diabetes Mellitus

Define necrosis and enumerate the types of necrosis with one example each.

Osteogenic sarcoma

1. Tabulate differences between Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis

1. Pathologic calcification

Renal cell carcinoma

1. Classify germ cell tumours of ovary. Write a note on dysgerminoma.

Free radicals in cell injury

1. Describe the etiology and morphology of chronic Pyelonephritis

Difference between Nephrotic versus Nephritic Syndrome.

Pathogenesis and complications of Diabetes Mellitus.

2. Vascular changes in Acute inflammation.

2. Define Amyloidosis? Write the physical and chemical nature of Amyloid and note on special stains

Discuss reversible and irreversible cell injury with example.

Cystic fibrosis

Discuss antibody mediated hypersensitivity with examples.

Endogenous pigments.

2. Gross and microscopic features and Acute post infectious Glomerulo nephritis.

Discuss the gross, microscopy, X ray appearance of Osteoclastoma

2. Enumerate the steps in the investigations of the transfusion reaction.

2. Mature teratoma of ovary.

Criteria for blood donor screening

Glial tumors of brain

2. Discuss pathogenesis and morphology of Bronchiectasis

2. Arachidonic acid metabolites

Etiopathogenesis of atherosclerosis

Physical examination of urine

2. Renal calculi.

Granulomatous inflammation

2. Classify testicular tumours and write about the morphology of Seminoma

Etiopathology of Hepatocellular carcinoma.

Classify germ cell tumors of ovary and describe the morphology of any one.

3. Describe the morphology of different types of infarcts with examples

Discuss chemical carcinogenesis.

Vitamin A deficiency

Infraction

Define Hyperplasia. Briefly discuss the pathogenesis

Chronic venous congestion of Liver.

3. Enumerate etiology and types of cardiomyopathies.

Describe the etiopathogenesis and morphological types of Emphysema

Amyloidosis

3. Define necrosis. Discuss various types of necrosis with examples.

3. Gall bladder calculi.

Causes of acute pancreatitis.

Cellular events of acute inflammation

Describe the sequential steps in cutaneous wound healing.

3. Classification of amyloidosis.

Morphological types of Emphysema.

Mediators of Inflammation

Graves disease

3. Chronic glomerulonephritis

Wound healing by secondary intention. Mention the factors influencing wound healing.

Define thrombosis and write the fate of thrombosis

Mechanism of Glomerular injury

3. List the malignant tumours of thyroid and describe papillary carcinoma of thyroid

Ulcerative colitis

Discuss different methods of blood grouping.

Peripheral smear and bone marrow findings in megaloblastic anemia

Write the cerebrospinal fluid findings in Pyogenic and Viral Meningitis.

Describe urinary Casts with a neat diagram.

Carcinoma penis.

Histology of Lepromatous leprosy.

Describe the pathogenesis and morphological findings in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Pathogenesis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Microscopic changes in diabetic nephropathy.

What is a granuloma? Enumerate the types with examples

List the actions of Arachidonic acid metabolites in inflammation.

Fatty liver.

Gaucher disease

CSF finding in bacterial and viral meningitis

Opportunistic infections in HIV infection

Write short notes on Asbestosis.

Discuss the stages in the evolution of Lobar pneumonia and list the complications

Fibrodenoma of breast.

Morphology of renal cell carcinoma.

Describe different types of cellular adaptations to stress with examples

Laboratory diagnosis in Hemophilia.

List the difference between leukemoid reaction and chronic myeloid leukemia.

Morphological types of carcinoma cervix.

Describe the etiopathogenesis and complications of Acute Pyelonephritis

Hereditary spherocytosis

Morphology of Meningioma

Difference between reversible and irreversible cell injury

Role of Exfoliative cytology.

Pigments in health and disease

Dysgerminoma.

Define neoplasia and list the differences between benign and malignant tumours.

Morphology of malignant melanoma

Neonatal hepatitis

Infective endocarditis

Routes of metastasis

Gross and microscopy of cirrhosis of Liver.

Etiology and morphological features of carcinoma cervix

Discuss pathogenesis of Type II Diabetes Mellitus.

Chronic Pyelonephritis (CPN).

Thalassemia major.

Type III hypersensitivity reactions with examples

Name four blood group systems. Discuss briefly Bombay blood group.

Demonstration of Amyloid by special stains.

Pathology and laboratory diagnosis of Hereditary spherocytosis

Lobular carcinoma Breast.

Tabulate the differences between exudate and transudate.

Gross and microscopy of Hydatidiform mole.

Describe the morphology of acute and chronic hepatitis. Add a note on outcome of chronic hepatitis

Oncogenes

Serum markers in viral hepatitis

Classification of ovarian tumors.

Coal workers pneumoconiosis.

Microscopy of Tuberculoid and Lepromatous leprosy.

Mechanism of invasion and metastasis.

Papillary thyroid carcinoma

Warthins tumor

Pneumoconiosis

Etiology and pathogenesis of pyogenic osteomyelitis

Histological subtypes of Osteogenic sarcoma.

Barrett’s esophagus

Pathogenesis and morphology of Hashimotos thyroiditis.

Discuss various stains for amyloid.

Define and classify anaemia according to aetiology

Vascular events in acute inflammation.

Tabulate the difference between leukemoid reaction and chronic myeloid leukemia.

Peripheral blood findings in Iron deficiency anemia.

Benign fibroepithelial neoplasms of Breast.

Chemical mediators of inflammation

Etiopathogenesis of Septic shock.

Paget disease of bone

Hashimoto thyroiditis.

Opportunistic infection associated with AIDS.

Multiple myeloma

Morphology of Osteosarcoma.

Pathogenesis of Syphilis

Vitamin D deficiency

Emphysema – types and morphology

What is ESR? What are the factors influencing ESR?

Phylloides tumor

Fracture healing

Wilm’s tumor.

Write a note on Leukemoid reaction.

Pathogenesis and pathology of Hashimoto thyroiditis

Discuss the etiology, serum markers and outcome of chronic active hepatitis

Explain various cardiac vegetations with diagram.

Describe the modes of spread of malignant neoplasms with examples

Discuss sickle cell anemia.

Role of p53 in carcinogenesis.

Classify CNS tumors.

Pathogenesis of simple and multinodular goiter.

Kleinfelter syndrome

Define hypertrophy. Discuss the types of hypertrophy with their mechanism.

Aneurysms.

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Discuss the pathophysiology of sickle cell anemia.

Describe the wound healing by primary intention.

Peripheral blood picture and laboratory findings in Iron deficiency anemia.

What is cirrhosis of liver? Describe morphology

Acute post streptococcal glomerulonephritis

Acute tubular necrosis

Discuss phagocytosis

Blood picture and bone marrow picture in chronic myeloid leukemia

Polyps of large intestine.

Types and morphology of Renal cell carcinoma

Premalignant conditions of the skin

Morphology of Osteomyelitis.

Casts in urine

Melanoma.

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Squamous cell carcinoma of skin

Gastric carcinoma – morphology

Osteoarthritis

Discuss various hemoparasites. Add a note on complication of malaria

Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid arthritis

Describe features of Hodgkins lymphoma in gross and microscopy.

Classify bone tumors.

Discuss etiopathogenesis of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia.

Vit ‘A’ deficiency.

Hemophilia A

Discuss the etiology and pathogenesis of Hyperthyroidism.

Pathogenesis of type II diabetes mellitus with late complications

Discuss urine microscopic findings under the following subheads. a) Crystals b) Cast c) Micro organisms

Carcinoma cervix – aetiopathogenesis and morphology

Red cell indices and their normal values

Classification of Germ cell tumors of testis.

Paraneoplastic syndromes

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Factors affecting wound healing

Type IV hypersensitivity reaction.