Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of SurgeryBiochemistry Previous Year Question Papers

A 45-year-old man presents with liver enlargement. Blood tests show elevated AFP levels

A man doing a moderate amount of work and weighing 55kg approaches you to know his daily energy requirement.

An adolescent girl presents with subluxation of lens and mental retardation. On examination she is tall and thin with elongated limbs. Mild scoliosis was present with pectus excavatum and genu valgum. One of her sisters had similar complaints.

A 40-year-old person came with complaints of weight loss inspite of repeated eating, increased frequency of urination and recurrent infections. Provisional diagnosis of Diabetes mellitus is made.

A 25-year-old woman presents with abdominal pain, vomiting and neuropathy. Urine appears dark red on standing.

A chronic alcoholic is brought to the hospital with impaired speech.

A 32-year old woman presented to surgery OPD with complaints of pain abdomen with irregular menstrual cycles. She also had history of sudden weight loss. Ultrasound abdomen shows mass in the ovaries. She was diagnosed to have carcinoma of ovaries.

A 14-year-old boy came with complaints of generalized weakness, epileptic seizures and abdominal pain. On examination was found to have hepatomegaly and Kayser Fleischer ring around cornea.

A patient presents with pallor and jaundice. Laboratory investigations show elevated indirect bilirubin and LDH, with low haptoglobin.

A 22-year-old female is diagnosed with Pulmonary Tuberculosis and is prescribed anti- tubercular treatment, and INH is one of its components.

A first year MBBS student after her biochemistry free radicals lecture class decided to include Aqueous phase antioxidant in her daily diet.

A 7-month-old child fell while crawling and presented with swollen leg. X-ray of affected leg showed fracture of femur. The bones were found to be thin. Past history revealed that by then child has had multiple fractures.

55-year-old Diabetic patient has persistent microalbuminuria. eGFR is 82mL/min/1.73 m2

A 10-year-old boy is diagnosed with Osteogenesis imperfecta.

A 55-year old female presented to dermatology OPD with complaints of swelling of lips, rashes all over the body and facial puffiness. She gives history of having food from outside the previous night. She was diagnosed to have Urticaria. She was advised for serum investigations. 26 26

A young boy met with a road traffic accident and lost the lot of blood due to injury. Renin angiotensin system plays a major role in the maintenance of fluid balance.

A patient potassium level is 6.8 mg/dL; however values are not correlating clinically.

Autopsy of a 2-year-old child reveals accumulation of glycogen in lysosomes of hepatocytes, heart and muscle

A person came with a complaint of wrong results of his blood sugar level. The technologist approached consultant biochemist for the same.

A 8 month old girl was brought to the clinic in an irritable state. Weight was much lower than expected, mid arm circumference was low for age. The mother had stopped breast feeding at the age of 5 months and was now giving diluted formula milk. There was no evidence of swelling or abdominal distension.

Describe the metabolism of Tryptophan. Enumerate the specialized compounds formed from tryptophan and write their biomedical importance (OR) Mention the symptoms of Phenylketonuria. Discuss the tests used for diagnosis of Phenylketonuria. Enumerate the specialized compounds formed from tyrosine and write their biomedical importance

What are the components of a lipid profile? Mention their normal reference range. Describe the metabolism of Lipoproteins in detail

Describe the metabolic fate and functions of Methionine and Cysteine. Add a note on the diseases associated

Describe the steps of Beta-Oxidation of Palmitic acid with energetics. Add a note on its regulation

Why uric acid tends to precipitate during the night time in peripheral joints and in alcohol consumption.

a) Acidosis is associated with hyperkalemia. Give reason b) Alkalosis is associated with hypokalemia. Give reason

Why Adenosine deaminase deficiency causes lymphocytopenia?

Kussmaul’s Breathing is seen in Metabolic acidosis. Justify.

Why number of tRNA required is less than the number of codons. Why Degeneracy of genetic code reduces the effect of mutations.

a) G6PD protects against malaria, justify b) Alcoholics are prone to Hypoglycemia, justify

Justify the statement “When lactose concentration increases, the lac operon is induced”

a. Premature babies with low L/S ratio are known to develop respiratory distress syndrome. Justify b. Lysosomes are called Suicidal bags. Give reason

2. Why RTPCR is better than Conventional PCR?

a) Iron is one-way element substantiate. b) Wilson's disease is associated with bronze diabetes, substantiate

Why does Peroxidation of PUFA leads to loss of membrane function?

The following are the values obtained in an Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) analysis. (a) Name the acid-base disorder based on the findings in the above report. (b) Mention the possible causes for the above acid-base disorder. (c) Explain the compensatory mechanism in the above acid-base disorder.

Vitamin B12 is always used with Folic acid in treatment of Macrocytic anaemia - Give reasons.

Why presence of HbF in higher concentration is beneficial to the patients with Sickle cell disease and beta thalassemia

a) Benedict's test is semiquantitative. Justify b) Cellulose is not digested by humans. Give reasons

Why Urine colour appears pink to red in porphyria cutanea tarda?

Sodium glucose transport is called secondary active transport. Justify.

Why are globulins increased in chronic liver disease but albumin is decreased? Why Edema is seen in Liver disease?

a) Vitamin B12 deficiency results in a Folate trap. Why? b) Vitamin K injection is given to all newborns. Why?

Why do individuals with IgA deficiency often present with recurrent respiratory and gastrointestinal infections?

Dietary fibres are included in balanced diet. Give reasons.

A 3-year-old girl presents with poor growth, fatigue, pallor, macrocytic anemia. Despite treatment with Iron, B12 and folic acid, the anemia persists. Urine examination shows orotic acid. a) What is your probable diagnosis? b) Which enzyme is defective? c) How does uridine supplementation help in this disorder? How does this condition lead to macrocytic anemia? A 56 year old woman presents with swelling and pain in the first toe of the right foot. Her uric acid level was 8 mg/dL. Write the degradation of purine nucleotides.

Describe the regulation of blood glucose. Mention the normal level of haemoglobin A1c in healthy individuals, pre-diabetics and Diabetics. Write its significance

A 38-year-old chronic alcoholic male presents with abdominal pain and jaundice. His lab results show, ALT: 150 IU/L, AST: 200 IU/L, ALP: 250 IU/L, GGT: 440 IU/L, Total bilirubin: 8 mg/dl, direct bilirubin: 6 mg/dl. a) What is the probable diagnosis? b) Interpret the laboratory investigation? c) How is bilirubin transported in blood?

Enumerate the biomarkers used in diagnosis of Myocardial infarction. Discuss the pattern of elevation of various enzymes in Myocardial infarction

A 40-year-old woman presents with a breast lump. Biopsy shows overexpression of HER2/neu oncogene. a) What is this condition? b) Explain the role of proto-oncogenes and oncogenes in cancer development with suitable examples

A 6-year-old boy presents with spongy bleeding gums, swollen gingiva, and painful swelling of joints with pale conjunctivae. The pediatrician advised the mother to give plenty of citrus fruits to her child a) What is the probable diagnosis? b) Which biomolecule is deficient in this condition? c) What are the functions of this biomolecule?

A 58-year-old male with sepsis presents with serum Urea: 120 mg/dl, creatinine: 2.3 mg/dL. urine output: 450 mL/day. a) What is the probable diagnosis? b) Mention the other causes for this organ failure. c) Differentiate creatinine vs urea clearance

Discuss the Nutritional Causes of Anaemia. Add a note on Absorption, Transport and storage of Iron

Explain the assessment of renal tubular function.

A 48-year-old man suddenly develops excruciating pain and is rushed to the hospital. ECG reveals massive myocardial infarction. a) List all cardiac enzymes used for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction and their pattern of elevation. b) Which is the most specific biomarker for Myocardial Infarction? c) Which is the most commonly used thrombolytic agent for myocardial infarction?

What are the causes for Hypothyroidism? Enumerate thyroid function tests

A patient comes to physician’s clinic with chief complaints of swelling of gums, petechial hemorrhages with easy bruisability since 3 months a) What is the deficient water soluble vitamin? b) Explain the biochemical functions of deficient vitamin. c) Describe the deficiency manifestations of the vitamin

Explain the formation and degradation of Bilirubin

Describe the composition, functions, and applied aspects of phospholipids

Enumerate the applications of Recombinant DNA technology

Discuss the biochemical and clinical significance of HMP shunt pathway.

What are the different structural levels of proteins? Explain any two in detail

Describe the Chemiosmotic theory of Oxidative phosphorylation. Add a note on its inhibitors

Explain the structure of DNA with a neatly labelled diagram

Compare and contrast between competitive and non-competitive enzyme inhibition with suitable examples.

Differentiate between active and passive immunity.

Describe any five different transport mechanisms with examples.

Define Genetic code. Explain the characteristic features of Genetic code

Describe Oxidative phosphorylation. Add a note on its inhibitors

Describe the structure of tRNA with functions.

Classify enzyme inhibition. Describe competitive enzyme inhibition with suitable examples

Explain structural and functional relationship of proteins

Explain different types of protein-energy malnutrition.

Explain post translational modifications.

Define an Anion gap. Mention its normal reference range. Describe different types of anion gap with examples

What are Acute phase proteins? Give examples and mention their clinical significance

What are homopolysaccharides? Give examples. Explain their importance

What are free radicals? Give examples. Explain the cellular damage caused by free radicals.

What are dietary fibers? Give examples. Mention their RDA. List their functions

Define Xenobiotics. Explain the phases of detoxification

Explain the respiratory regulation for Acid-Base balance.

Differentiate between Phase I and Phase II reactions in detoxification.

Mention the normal reference interval for serum calcium. What is the RDA for calcium? Describe the regulation of blood calcium

Explain the pathway of Uric acid synthesis

What are poly unsaturated fatty acids? Give examples. Mention their significance

Why is lifelong learning an essential commitment for a doctor, and how does it benefit both clinicians and society?

Enumerate and describe the professional qualities of the roles of a Physician

Identify and discuss the physician’s role and responsibility to society that he/she serves

Enumerate the advantages of Physician being a Life-long learner.

Urea cycle.

Formation and utilization of ketone bodies.

Dietary fibre.

Immunoglobulins.

Significance of HMP shunt pathway

Role of kidney in Acid-Base balance

Classification of enzymes with example

Formation and fate of Bilirubin

Antioxidants

Define basal metabolic rate (BMR). Mention the factors affecting BMR.

Anti oxidants.

Biochemical functions, recommended dietary allowance and the deficiency of thiamine

Glucose tolerance tests

Protein energy malnutrition

Types and applications of PCR

Active transport with example

Biochemical functions and deficiency manifestations of Ascorbic acid.

Dietary Fibers

Purine catabolism and its disorder

Inborn errors associated with phenyl alanine and Tyrosine metabolism.

Liver Function tests.

Name the plasma buffers and role of buffers in maintaining the acid base balance.

An 8-year-old girl presented with difficulty in vision during night time. Vitamin A deficiency was suspected following examination. a) Write the provitamin form of Vitamin A b) Explain Wald’s visual cycle

Mutation

Glycogen synthesis and its regulation

A 48-year-old man diagnosed with myocardial infarction (MI) had an altered lipid profile with elevated total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. a) Write the biological reference interval of LDL cholesterol. b) Explain the formation of LDL cholesterol. c) Reason out why LDL cholesterol is atherogenic.

Dietary sources, coenzyme forms and biochemical functions of folic acid. Creatinine clearance test

A 44 year old male presented with chest pain. Family history shows that his father died of a heart attack at the age of 46 years, and his elder brother also had a heart attack at the same age. The patient reports that he gets chest pain occasionally with ambulation and is not able to climb stairs without significant chest pain and shortness of breath. His Serum cholesterol was 440.0 mg/dl. a) What is the probable cause for hyperlipidemia in this case? b) Name two hyperlipoproteinemias along with their biochemical defect. c) Mention one lipid lowering drug along with its mechanism of action

a) A 3 year old child was brought to paediatric OPD with complaints of fair skin, white hair and ocular manifestations suggesting the case to be albinism a) What is the enzyme defect in albinism? b) Write the pathway of synthesis of melanin c) List two other biologically important compounds formed from tyrosine

A 47-year-old female came with the complaints of fatigue and bilateral tingling & numbness in her extremities. The symptoms were progressive and was gradually getting worse. Dietary history revealed she was on vegan diet. Neurological examination revealed numbness in all extremities with decreased vibration senses. Provisional diagnosis of Vitamin B12 deficiency was made. a) Mention the RDA and dietary sources of Vitamin B12. b) Enumerate the biochemical functions of Vitamin B12. c) Explain ‘folate trap’.

a) A 15 year old tribal boy was admitted with complaints of fatigue, recurrent fever and pain in arms and legs. His peripheral blood smear shows sickled erythrocytes and a hemoglobin concentration of 6 gm%. a) Name the molecular defect in this disorder. b) Explain the mechanism of sickling. c) What is the cause of anemia in this condition?

What are Isoenzymes? Briefly explain Isoenzymes with examples.

Structure and functions of immunoglobulins.

A 40 year old female with history of gall stones presented with acute pain abdomen, yellowish discoloration of sclera and passing clay coloured stools. Following investigations, a diagnosis of obstructive jaundice was made. a) Describe van Den Berg test and its findings in this condition. b) Name the enzyme that is elevated in this condition. c) Explain the biochemical reason for clay coloured stools in this case.

Salvage pathway of purines

Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates

An elderly male visited orthopedic department with history of chronic pain in the knee joint. After examination, he was prescribed medication containing some of the heteropolysaccharides and advised to follow up after two months. a) What are heteropolysaccharides? b) Name the heteropolysaccharides that are present in cartilage and synovial fluid and mention their importance. c) Write the composition and biological importance of Heparin.

A 50-year-old man was diagnosed with hemorrhoids and underwent operation in relation to it. He had several bleeding episodes in the past and was found to have microcytic hypochromic anaemia. (a) Which mineral deficiency is associated with anaemia in the above case? (b) Mention two good dietary sources of above mineral. (c) Explain the process of absorption, transport and storage of the above mineral.

Role of protein buffers in acid-based balance

Classify enzymes with examples.

A pregnant lady who visited primary health care centre for antenatal check-up with complaints of tiredness and easy fatigability was found to be anemic. Peripheral smear showed microcytic hypochromic anemia. a. Name the mineral associated with the above disorder b. Write the dietary sources and RDA of the above mineral c. Write the biochemical functions of above mineral.

A 45 year old man presented with severe back pain and weakness. He had lost 7 kgs in last three months. He complained of loss of appetite and fatigue. X-ray showed punched out lesions. Urine is positive for Bence Jones protein a) Name the disorder in above case b) What are Bence Jones proteins? c) What is the electrophoretic pattern that is observed in this case?

Transamination reactions and their importance

A 20-year-old pregnant woman presented with history of fatigue. Her peripheral blood smear showed microcytic hypochromic anemia. a) Which mineral deficiency leads to this type of anemia? b) Explain the absorption, transport and storage of this mineral.

Specialized products from tyrosine

A 70-year-old man suffered an attack of pneumonia. He found it difficult to breathe and was losing consciousness. His Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) report was as follows: pH=7.1, pCO2 = 52 mmHg, Plasma Bicarbonate (HCO3-) = 25 meq/L. a) Interpret the ABG report. b) Write the compensatory mechanism in the above acid-base disorder.

Dietary fibre. Hypokalemia

A 25 year old female during her second pregnancy had a glucose tolerance test and her results are as follows. Fasting glucose level: 125 mg/dL, first hour glucose level: 210 mg/dL, and second hour glucose level: 170 mg/dL. a) Interpret the above laboratory findings. b) Name the types of diabetes mellitus. c) Mention the biochemical tests used to monitor diabetes and its complications.

A 15 year old girl with history of vaso-occlusive pain crisis came to OPD with history of influenza attack. She was taking monthly blood transfusion from the age of 5 years due to underlying sickle cell disease. a) Explain the molecular defect in sickle cell disease and biochemical basis of sickling b) Mention the laboratory investigations in sickle cell disease

Homopolysaccharides.

A 9-year-old girl presented to Pediatric OPD with frequent experience of muscle pain and cramps. She also complained of weakness in hands and feet. Diet history revealed she was aversion towards milk or milk products. On examination, Trosseau’s and Chovstek’s signs were positive. a) Name the mineral associated with above condition. b) List the hormones involved in regulating the above mineral and explain how it is regulated. c) Mention the reference range of above mineral in serum.

d) An intravenous drug user was found to have developed jaundice. Laboratory investigations revealed hepatitis B infection. His total serum bilirubin was 10.2 mg/dl. a) What type of jaundice is seen in above case? b) Explain van den Bergh test and write its interpretation in the above case.

Describe the secondary structures of Proteins with examples.

Renal regulation of blood pH.

A 50 year old female presented with hoarseness of voice, dryness of skin and excess weight gain. The case was suspected to be hypothyroidism. a) List the tests for assessment of thyroid function. b) Write laboratory findings in a case of hypothyroidism. c) Differentiate between primary and secondary hypothyroidism.

List the body fluid buffers and discuss their role in regulation of blood pH.

Metabolic functions of glycine

A mother and 12 year her old son was brought with history of fever and headache. All investigations including Liver Function Test (LFT) were within normal limits for both and symptomatic treatment was advised. However, the mother was worried about higher Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) observed in the LFT of her son compared to her. The physician explained the physiological reason for the raised enzyme in the child. a) Mention the physiological reason for higher ALP in the above child. b) Name two pathological conditions for increase in serum ALP. c) Explain the role of isoenzymes in the diagnosis Myocardial infarction.

Biological value of proteins

A 60 year old obese man, who underwent master health check-up was found to have mild hepatomegaly with fatty liver changes. a. What is fatty liver? b. Enumerate the causes of fatty liver c. Explain the role of lipotropic factors in preventing fatty liver.

A known case of diabetes and hypertension on irregular treatment presented with swelling of both lower limbs and puffiness of face. He was diagnosed with chronic kidney disease (CKD) a) Mention two biochemical parameters altered in CKD. b) Explain the test to assess glomerular function of Kidney.

Define Basal Metabolic Rate. Explain the factors affecting BMR.

Describe the role of dietary fibre in nutrition.

Salvage pathway of purine nucleotides with the clinical disorders associated with it.

Mention biological reference interval for serum calcium. Describe any four functions of calcium.

Gout

Define Basal metabolic rate. Discuss the factors affecting it.

b) Define clearance. Explain creatinine clearance test. Give reason why creatinine clearance is preferred over urea clearance

Diagnostic importance of Liver enzymes

Substrate level Phosphorylation

Glucose tolerance test

“Gluconeogenesis is not a simple reversal of glycolysis” – Justify it by stating the reactions catalysed by key enzymes of gluconeogenesis.

Describe the steps in this polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Name the type of PCR used in the diagnosis of Covid 19.

How is Urea synthesized in the body?

Define proto-oncogene and oncogene. Explain the activation of oncogene.

Hormonal regulation of blood glucose

Write two biological functions and a disorder associated with the metabolism of a) Iron b) Copper.

What are dietary fibres? Give four examples of dietary fibres. Mention four advantages of consuming dietary fibres.

Name the ketone bodies. Describe the formation and utilization of ketone bodies.

Mention blood buffers. Explain the role of Lungs in acid base balance.

What is Porphyria? Write the types of porphyria. Mention enzyme defect and clinical features of acute intermittent porphyria

What is clearance test? Which is the ideal substance used for determination of Glomerular Filtration Rate and why? Explain.

Homo polysaccharide.

State chemiosmotic theory and illustrate the process of oxidative phosphorylation.

Outline the degradation of heme and excretion of products of degradation

Competitive inhibition.

Define Isoenzymes. Mention the Isoenzymes of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and write their significance.

Genetic code

Classify phospholipids. Write their functions.

List the immunoglobulins. Write the functions of these immunoglobulins

Isoenzymes

Name the ketone bodies. Write the pathway for ketogenesis. Mention two clinical conditions associated with ketonuria.

Name any three products derived from tyrosine. Describe the metabolic pathway leading to the formation of any one of the product from tyrosine.

What is Oxidative Phosphorylation? Explain Chemiosmotic theory.

Recombinant DNA Technology.

Compare and contrast between replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Lac operon concept

Describe the electron transport chain.

What is carnitine? Explain its role in transport of fatty acids for oxidation process.

Glomerular function test

What are the biochemical derangements in diabetes mellitus? Add a note on glycated haemoglobin.

Biomarkers for early detection of acute myocardial infarction.

List five functions of phosphorous.

How are free radicals generated? Describe the free radical scavenging systems

Define metabolic acidosis. Enumerate the causes for metabolic acidosis. Write the compensatory mechanism in metabolic acidosis.

Define Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR). Enumerate the factors affecting BMR.

Describe electron transport chain. Mention two inhibitors of electron transport chain.

Explain the steps in recombinant DNA technology

Draw the structure of immunoglobulin G and label it. Enumerate its functions.

Enumerate kidney function tests. Explain tubular function test.

Name the carbohydrate shunt pathways in RBC. Explain their biological importance.

Compare and contrast between passive and active transport with two examples.

Describe steps in Ketogenesis. Mention two conditions associated with Ketonuria.

List the hormones which function with cAMP as second messenger. Describe the mechanism of action of steroid hormones

Describe the role of any five plasma enzymes in the diagnosis of disease.

Explain the metabolic adaptations in well-fed state.

List five subcellular organelles and enumerate their functions.

Name the antioxidant enzymes and explain their mechanism of action

Mention the types of diabetes mellitus. Describe the metabolic changes in diabetes mellitus. List two microvascular complications associated with diabetes mellitus.

What is lipid peroxidation? Explain the role of antioxidants in scavenging reactive oxygen species.

Describe DNA repair mechanism with suitable examples.

Explain the regulation of blood glucose in starvation.

Explain competitive inhibition with two examples.

What is chemiosmotic hypothesis? Explain how proton gradient is utilized for ATP synthesis.

Enumerate the reactions of purine salvage pathway. Name the disorders that is associated with this pathway and write its clinical features

Explain niacin under the following headings: a) Dietary sources b) Co-enzyme forms c) Deficiency manifestation

Explain competitive inhibition of enzymes with two examples.

Write the causes and laboratory findings in Iron deficiency anemia.

List five plasma proteins and mention their functions

Mention the dietary sources, RDA and biochemical functions of Vitamin E.

Write the steps in the formation of creatine and glutathione from glycine.

What is gout? Write the causes and clinical features of gout.

What is the normal pH of blood? Name the buffer systems that maintain blood pH. What is the effect of pH on enzyme activity?

Explain the steps in the synthesis and breakdown of ketone bodies.

Describe competitive inhibition of enzymes with two examples.

What are restriction endonucleases? Give two examples. Explain their role in Recombinant DNA technology

Explain the metabolic changes in starvation.

Explain the functions of peroxisomes and describe their role in fatty acid oxidation.

Define and Classify carbohydrates with examples.

Explain primary and secondary structural organisation of proteins with examples

Define glycogenolysis. Write the reactions of glycogenolysis. State two glycogen storage disorders mentioning the enzyme defect.

Describe the glomerular function tests.

Enumerate the functional classification of proteins with examples.

Explain how calcium is regulated in the body. Mention its deficiency disorders.

Define isoenzymes. Name two enzymes and their isoenzyme forms with their significance.

What is polymerase chain reaction (PCR)? Explain the steps in PCR. Write two applications of PCR

Write in detail about heme synthesis and its regulation. Add a note on Acute intermittent porphyria

Explain the process of steps of β oxidation of fatty acids and energetics.

A 10-year-old boy was admitted to a hospital with a diagnosis of malaria. He was started on primaquine and antipyretics. Within one day he was found to have developed hemolytic anemia. a) Name the pathway affected in the above case and write the enzyme defect in the pathway. b) Name the compounds formed in this pathway and write their importance. c) What is the relation between primaquine and hemolytic anemia?

What is normal pH of blood? Discuss in detail role of kidneys in pH regulation. Add a note on metabolic acidosis.

Name the aromatic amino acids. Discuss how phenyl alanine is catabolised in the body. Add a note on phenyl Ketonuria.

A medical student who had an exam on the next day did not eat anything the previous night. Next day morning, he had severe headache and giddiness before exam. His fasting plasma glucose was 48 mg/dl. a) Interpret the plasma glucose value b) Name the metabolic pathways which maintain blood glucose in fasting state c) Explain the metabolic pathway that synthesise glucose from pyruvate

Describe the process of transcription and add a note on post transcriptional modification.

A 5 year old child was brought to the hospital with complaints of slow growth and pain in bones. On examination, he was anaemic, had frontal bossing, bowing of legs and swelling of costochondral junction. Following are his laboratory findings: Serum calcium: 8.6 mg/ dL, Serum phosphorous: 2.6 mg/dL, and Serum alkaline phosphatase: 700 U/L. a) Mention the vitamin deficiency in this child. b) Describe the Sources, Formation, Biochemical functions and recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of above vitamin.

A 45 year old male presented with excruciating pain in the great toe. He was obese and had long history of consumption of alcohol. On investigation his serum uric acid level was 12.1 mg/dl a) Interpret the serum uric acid level in the above case b) Explain the formation of uric acid c) Write four causes of hyperuricemia d) Explain the biochemical basis of giving allopurinol in treatment of Gout

Describe the process of Eukaryotic DNA replication. Enumerate different types of DNA repair mechanisms

Write the steps of β-oxidation of palmitic acid. Add a note on energetics.

Give the normal blood glucose levels in fasting and post prandial state. Explain the role of hormones in plasma glucose regulation

A 60-year-old female presents to the emergency department with acute onset shortness of breath. Symptoms began approximately 2 days before and had progressively worsened with no associated, aggravating, or relieving factors. Past history revealed she had similar symptoms approximately 1 year ago with an acute, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation requiring hospitalization. Her arterial blood gas analysis report revealed the following: pH 7.25, PCO2 68, PO2 48 and HCO3- 24 mmol/L. a) What is the acid-base disturbance of the above patient? b) Mention the normal pH of blood. c) Explain the role respiratory mechanism in maintenance of acid-base balance. d) List two other clinical conditions causing such acid-base disturbance.

A 10 year old boy was brought to the hospital for self-multilating behaviour and delayed development. His serum uric acid level was 15 mg/dl. A provisional diagnosis of Lesch Nyhan syndrome was made. a) Write the biological reference interval for serum uric acid level. b) Name the enzyme defect and the pathway affected in the above disorder. c) Which tissues are dependent on this pathway? d) Enumerate the other causes of hyperuricemia e) What is the role of allopurinol in the treatment of hyperuricemia?

Define Glycogenesis and Glycogenolysis. Write the reactions of Glycogenesis and Glycogenolysis in the Liver.

A fair 5 year old child was brought to the hospital by his parents, who complained of delayed milestones in the child. Investigations revealed a high phenylalanine content in the blood and a diagnosis of phenylketonuria was made. a) Name the enzyme defect in the above disorder. b) Explain the pathway for catabolism of phenylalanine. c) Name the compound responsible for the mousy odour in the above condition. d) List the biochemical investigations in phenylketonuria

Define transcription. Explain in detail the transcription in Prokaryotes. Add a note on a note on post transcriptional modifications.

Explain in detail the beta oxidation of palmitic acid. Add a note on its energetics.

A 12-year-old, with history of type 1 diabetes was brought to the emergency in a semi- comatose state with rapid breathing and fruity odour of breath. Investigations showed Random blood glucose of 450 mg/dL and positive test for the presence of ketone bodies. Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) analysis suggested features of metabolic acidosis. a) Write the reference interval for Fasting and Random plasma glucose. b) Mention the ketone bodies that answered the test in this case. c) Explain the synthesis and utilization of ketone bodies.

A 40-year-old navy officer contacted his physician for development of spongy and bleeding gums. He also had loosening of teeth, pain in the joints and complained of poor wound healing. History revealed that he was in submarine tour for 40 days and was only on staple diet. (a) Name the vitamin deficiency associated with symptoms in the above case. (b) Name the disorder caused due to deficiency of above vitamin. (c) List two dietary sources of above vitamin. (d) Mention any four biochemical functions of above vitamin. (e) Explain the biochemical basis of spongy and bleeding gums.

What is the normal serum total cholesterol level? Name four biologically important compounds formed from cholesterol. Describe the transport of cholesterol from liver to peripheral tissues and back.

Define Gluconeogenesis. Name the substrates required for Gluconeogenesis and trace the pathway for formation of glucose from lactate. Add a note on regulation of Gluconeogenesis.

Describe the phases of activation, initiation, elongation and termination of biosynthesis of proteins.

A 8 year old boy was brought to orthopaedic OPD with a complaint of abnormal gait for the past 3 months. Clinical examination showed tenderness over Tibia. Laboratory investigation data revealed a. Name the vitamin D deficiency disorder in the above case b. What is the RDA of vitamin D? c. Explain the formation of calcitriol d. Describe the role of calcitriol in calcium homeostasis

A child of two years presented with convulsions. He was taking normal feeds. But his mother observed mousy odour of child’s urine. Urine ferric chloride test was positive. Plasma phenylalanine was found to be elevated. He was diagnosed to have phenyl Ketonuria a) What is the biochemical defect in phenyl Ketonuria? b) Describe the catabolism of phenylalanine c) Give the biochemical reasons for mousy odour in this case

Describe the source, RDA, biochemical functions, synthesis and deficiency manifestation of Vitamin D.

Describe cholesterol biosynthesis up to the formation of mevalonate. Explain the regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis. Mention two causes of Hypercholesterolemia.

Mention the active form of Vitamin D. Describe the synthesis, biochemical functions and RDA of Vitamin D.

Explain the factors affecting enzyme activity. Mention two therapeutic importance of enzymes.

Explain the process of DNA replication in prokaryotes. Mention two inhibitors of DNA replication. List two differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic replication.

List the types of enzyme inhibition. Differentiate competitive and noncompetitive inhibition with examples. Describe allosteric regulation of enzyme.

Describe the steps of DNA replication in prokaryotes. List the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication.

Explain the process of recombinant DNA technology and list four applications in the field of medicine.

Write the sources, coenzyme form, biochemical functions and deficiency manifestations of Thiamine.

Explain the hormonal regulation of glucose homeostasis. Mention the biological reference interval of fasting and post-prandial plasma glucose levels. Substantiate the role of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in monitoring blood glucose levels.

Explain glycogenolysis. Write the difference between Liver and Muscle glycogenolysis. Mention the role of insulin and glucagon in glycogenolysis.

Describe protein biosynthesis in prokaryotes. Mention three inhibitors of protein biosynthesis

Essential fatty acids.

Lactose intolerance.

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome

Oncogene.

Beri Beri

Active transport.

Oncogenes

Basal metabolic rate

Functions of albumin.

Free radicals

Fluorosis

Fatty liver

Name three mucopolysaccharides and write their functions.

Bile salts and bile pigments in the diagnosis of various types jaundice

Classification of proteins based on function.

Dietary fiber

Biochemical function and markers of Mitochondria

Interpretation of Van den Bergh test

Detoxification by conjugation

Gene therapy

Enzymes of therapeutic importance.

Applications of Polymerase chain reaction.

Wilsons disease Urobilinogen

Ribosomal RNA

Explain the biochemical defect and clinical manifestations of a) Niemann-Pick disease b) Refsum’s disease c) Alkaptonuria

Write any three tumour markers along with its diagnostic significance.

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Specificity of enzymes

Specific Dynamic Action (SDA)

HDL metabolism.

Name four synthetic analogues of nucleotides. Mention their therapeutic importance.

Name any two glycogen disorders and the associated enzyme defect.

Orotic aciduria

Phase I detoxification

Anapleurotic reactions

Name the phase I detoxification reactions.

What are free radicals? Name any four antioxidants in the body.

Causes of metabolic acidosis.

Okazaki fragments

Structure and functions of mitochondria

Anion gap

Primary structure of proteins.

Name the inhibitors of replication and their clinical importance.

Role of enzymes as tumor markers (any three)

Specialized products formed from tryptophan

Vitamin K Antioxidants

Markers of carcinoma prostate

Scurvy

Creatinine clearance

Tumour markers

Messenger RNA

Name three tumour markers and their clinical significance.

Clearance tests

Name the selenium containing enzyme. What is its clinical importance?

Structure of collagen

Write the composition and functions of collagen.

Clearance test.

Lipotropic factors

What is fatty liver? Mention any two lipotropic factors.

Mention the mechanisms involved in maintenance of blood pH.

What is gene therapy? Name two diseases in which gene therapy is used

Name any three tumor markers and write their importance

Write the functions of: a) Rough endoplasmic reticulum b) Mitochondria c) Lysosomes

Name three tumor markers and mention their significance.

Write the reference values of i) Serum calcium ii) Serum uric acid iii) Serum total protein

Draw and label the cell cycle.

Acute intermittent porphyria

What are Dietary fibres? Why is it important to include them in the diet?

Write the amino acid composition of collagen. Mention two clinical disorders associated with defective collagen.

Posttranscriptional modifications

t-RNA

Mention three functions of cholesterol.

List out the assays done for evaluation of thyroid function. Enumerate the laboratory findings in hyperthyroidism

What you mean by abnormal hemoglobins. Explain briefly. Give examples.

Enumerate the biomarkers used in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction (MI). Which biomarker is considered specific for MI and why?

What is hyponatremia? List two causes of hyponatremia.

List the hormones involved in homeostasis of calcium.

Name three preanalytical errors in a clinical laboratory

State the biochemical defect and clinical features associated with a) Osteogenesis imperfecta b) Ehler Danlos Syndrome

What is the enzyme defect in maple syrup urine disease? What are its characteristic features?

What are histones? Enumerate their functions.

Muscle glycogen does not contribute to blood glucose - Justify. Mention two glycogen storage disorders

Give three examples of glycosaminoglycans with their functions.

What is HbA1C (Glycated Hemoglobin)? Mention its significance.

What is detoxification? Give two examples of detoxification by oxidative reaction

Name three functions of the vitamin whose deficiency causes scurvy.

Component of oral rehydration solution (ORS) has sodium chloride and glucose. What is purpose of adding glucose in ORS?

What is hypernatremia? Mention two clinical conditions associated with hypernatremia.

Mention different types of RNA and write their functions

Define oligosaccharide. Give two examples of oligosaccharide. Mention their biomedical importance.

List the adrenal function tests. Mention one disorder associated with abnormal adrenal function.

Draw a neat labelled diagram of immunoglobulin.

Name the essential fatty acids. Mention three biological importance poly unsaturated fatty acids

What are phospholipids? Mention the biochemical importance of lecithin and cephalin.

What are therapeutic enzymes? Give two examples with their therapeutic application.

What are reference intervals? List out two pre analytical variables

Mention any three site specific inhibitors of electron transport chain.

Mention the cause and clinical features of scurvy.

What is the defective enzyme in homocystinuria? What are the characteristic features of homocystinuria?

What are trans-fatty acids and state their adverse effect?

Enlist three biologically important peptides and write their functions.

What are restriction endonucleases? Mention their importance.

What is glycated haemoglobin? Mention its diagnostic applications

Write the components of Complex I of electron transport chain and mention one inhibitor of this complex.

What is facilitated diffusion? Give one example.

What is Southern Blotting Technique? Mention its applications

Name three phospholipids and write their biological importance.

Name the enzyme defect in von Gierke’s disease. Write the biochemical alterations in von Gierke’s disease.

Enumerate three coenzymes with their functions.

Mention the types of mutation. Give reason why some mutations are silent

What are apolipoproteins? List two apolipoproteins and mention their significance.

What are xenobiotics? Write two detoxification reactions by conjugation.

Give biological reference interval of serum urea, serum albumin and serum creatinine.

Write the function of the following lipases a) Lipoprotein lipase b) Hormone sensitive lipase c) Phospholipase A2

Compare and contrast between kwashiorkor and marasmus.

What is the role of Anti Diuretic Hormone (ADH) in water balance? Name the disorder associated with its deficiency.

Name three nucleotides and write their biological importance

Mention two causes of hypokalemia. Write biological reference interval for serum potassium.

What is the cause of pellagra? Write the clinical manifestations of pellagra.

HDL – cholesterol is called good cholesterol - justify.

What is Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)? Give the clinical applications of RFLP

Mention one inhibitors for the following complexes in electron transport chain: a) Complex I b) Complex II c) Complex IV

Name three biologically important nucleotides and mention their importance.

Enumerate post-transcriptional modifications and write their significance.

Write two mechanisms of transport of large molecules across membrane. What is Hartnup’s disease?

Name serum electrolytes. Mention two causes associated with hypokalemia.

What is Alkali reserve? List two causes of metabolic acidosis.

What is innate and adaptive immune response?

Define Km. Explain its importance with an example.

A diabetic patient was advised not to take polished rice but to take brown rice. Explain the reasons for the same.

List the biologically important Products obtained from cholesterol.

Enumerate the specialized products derived from Tryptophan. Mention their biological functions

List two enzymes in which copper is a cofactor. Write the clinical features of the disorder associated with copper excess.

Mention three advantages of automation in clinical biochemistry laboratory.

Mention any three antioxidants and state their mechanism of action.

What is hyponatremia? Write two causes for the same.

Write the features of bicarbonate buffer system.

What is Marasmus? List two features of Marasmus.

Give three examples of tumour markers and write their clinical importance

Mention the role of carnitine in β-oxidation.

Mention three homopolysccharides of glucose and write their biological importance.

What is Metabolic acidosis? Mention two causes for it.

What are oncosupressor genes? Mention their clinical significance with two examples

Define balanced diet. Write the composition of balanced diet.

Enlist three post-translational modifications with suitable examples.

Write the structure and function of t-RNA

What is anion Gap? Write the reference range for normal anion gap.

Write three features to differentiate type I and type II diabetes mellitus.

Define Km. What is the significance of Km?

Write the serum and urinary biochemical findings in hemolytic jaundice

Write biological importance of selenium.

Write the biochemical defect in Ehler Danlos Syndrome and Osteogenesis imperfecta.

Mention three proteins present in extracellular matrix.

Explain with three examples the process of detoxification by conjugation mechanism

Define hyponatremia. Mention two clinical conditions associated with hyponatremia.

Mention normal albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio. Write two conditions where A/G ratio is altered.

Give three examples for detoxification by conjugation mechanism.

Write the features of competitive inhibition of enzymes.

Mention the role of oxidized LDL in atherogenesis.

What are oncogenes? What are the factors that activate oncogenes?

Define active transport. Give two examples for active transport.

Write the biochemical cause of respiratory distress syndrome in premature babies.

Mention the key enzymes catalyzing irreversible steps in gluconeogenesis.

Enumerate the tests to assess thyroid function. Write the laboratory findings in case of hyperthyroidism

Name the precursor molecule in the synthesis of prostaglandins. Mention four clinical significance of prostaglandins.

What is restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Mention two clinical applications of RFLP.

Name thee pre-analytical variables that affect the biochemical laboratory results.

Write three differences between Marasmus and Kwashiorkar.

Write the clinical features associated with skeletal and dental fluorosis.

Troponins are more specific cardiac marker compared to creatine kinase – Justify.

What are essential amino acids? Give examples

The vitamin that acts as a coenzyme for transketolase activity is A. Pyridoxine B. Thiamine C. Biotin D. Folate

Hexokinase belongs to which class of enzymes? A. Oxidoreductase B. Transferase C. Hydrolase D. Lyase

The end product of glycolysis in erythrocytes is A. NADPH B. Lactate C. Pyruvate D. Carbon dioxide

The enzyme defective in porphyria cutanea tarda is A. PBG deaminase B. Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase C. Heme synthase D. Coproporphyrinogen III oxidase

Which vitamin availability reduces the requirement of selenium? A. Vitamin A B. Vitamin D C. Vitamin E D. Vitamin K

All the following are glucogenic amino acids EXCEPT A. Valine B. Phenylalanine C. Glycine D. Leucine

Hypoalbuminemia is seen in all the following conditions EXCEPT A. Cirrhosis of liver B. Nephrotic syndrome C. Kwashiorkor D. Dehydration

The enzyme used in diagnosis of prostate cancer is A. Acid phosphatase B. Alkaline phosphatase C. Lactate dehydrogenase D. Alanine transaminase

Which one of the following is rich in saturated fatty acid? A. Coconut oil B. Groundnut oil C. Corn oil D. Sesame oil

Osteogenesis imperfecta is due to defect in: A. Actin B. Collagen C. Keratin D. Crystallin

Heme is converted to bilirubin in A. Mitochondria B. Microsomes C. Golgi apparatus D. Plasma membrane

Enzymes which are synthesized in an inactive form are called A. Apoenzyme B. Proenzymes C. Coenzyme D. Isozyme

The sugar component of cerebroside is A. Galactose B. Lactose C. Fructose D. Ribose

Reference range for total serum calcium is A. 0.6-1.4 mg/dl B. 9-11 mg/dl C. 15-40 mg/dl D. 70-110 mg/dl

Tumor marker elevated in liver cancer is A. Alpha feto protein B. Prostate specific antigen C. Ca 125 D.  – HCG

Membrane fluidity is determined by A. Nature of fatty acids B. Glycosylation of integral proteins C. Membrane pumps D. Distribution of peripheral proteins

N₃ of purine ring is donated by A. Asparate B. Glycine C. Glutamine D. Ammonia

Bile salts and bile pigments are excreted in urine in A. Incompatible blood transfusion B. Gilbert’s syndrome C. Carcinoma of head of pancreas D. Crigler-Najjar syndrome

Which of the following is a glycoside? A. Digitonin B. Mannitol C. Glucuronic acid D. Glucosamine

Which one of the following enzymes is specific to gluconeogenesis? A. Phosphohexose isomerase B. Pyruvate carboxylase C. Aldolase D. Enolase

Galactosyl transferase is marker for A. Cell membrane B. Mitochondria C. Lysosomes D. Golgi complex

Histones are rich in A. Glutamic acid and aspartic acid B. Glycine and serine C. Methionine and cysteine D. Arginine and Histidine

All the following lipids are present in the cell membranes EXCEPT A. Lecithin B. Cholesterol C. Sphingomyelin D. Triacylglycerol

The normal Anion gap is A. 4-8 mmol/L B. 10-14 mmol/L C. 16-20 mmol/L D. 22-26 mmol/L

Glucose level in plasma is increased by A. Gluconeogenesis B. Glycolysis C. Glycogen synthesis D. Glycosuria

Which of the following is a semi essential amino acid? A. Arginine B. Alanine C. Aspartic acid D. Glycine

Amphipathic lipids forming spherical vesicles consisting of one or more phospholipid bilayers is A. Micelle B. Liposome C. Emulsion D. Biomembrane

Which of the following enzymes is responsible for immortality of cancer cells? A. Telomerase B. RNA polymerase I C. DNA polymerase D. Helicase

Which of the following is a secretory immunoglobulin? A. IgG B. IgA C. IgM D. IgD

Transport of water through Aquaporins is an example of A. Simple diffusion B. Facilitated diffusion C. Primary active transport D. Secondary active transport

Optimum pH for alkaline phosphatase activity is A. 2-3 B. 4-5 C. 6-7 D. 9-10

Bile acid is derived from A. Cholesterol B. Glycerol C. Fatty acids D. Billirubin

Which of the following is a termination codon? A. AAG B. CAG C. CAA D. UAG

The product of glycolysis in erythrocytes is A. Lactate B. Pyruvate C. Urate D. Acetate

Which of the following vitamins is used in the electron transport chain? A. Riboflavin B. Pantothenic acid C. Pyridoxine D. Biotin

Koilonychia or spoon nail is seen in A. Iron deficiency anaemia B. Megaloblastic anaemia C. Scurvy D. Rickets

Which of the following is an exopeptidase? A. Trypsin B. Chymotrypsin C. Pepsin D. Carboxypeptidase

Which of the following food have high glycemic index? A. Potato chips B. Ice-cream C. Legumes D. Milk

In which of the following conditions is serum direct bilirubin elevated A. Physiological jaundice in the newborn B. Crigler – Najjar syndrome C. Gilbert’s syndrome D. Gall stones

Which of the following is an essential amino acid? A. Glycine B. Phenyl alanine C. Aspartic acid D. Serine

Which of the following is a derivative of cholesterol A. Vitamin A B. Vitamin E C. Vitamin D D. Vitamin K

Which one of the following lipids is stored in adipose tissue? A. Triglyceride B. Phospholipid C. Cholesterol ester D. Free fatty acids

Inulin is a polymer of A. Glucose B. Fructose C. Mannose D. Galactose

The amino acid which do not allow formation of alpha helix is A. Glutamate B. Proline C. Tyrosine D. Histidine

Which of the following derivative of monosaccharide is used to reduce raised intra-cranial pressure? A. Sorbitol B. Dulcitol C. Ribitol D. Mannitol

Glucose and fructose are monosaccharide units of A. Lactose B. Maltose C. Sucrose D. Isomaltose

Ketone bodies are mainly produced in A. Brain B. Liver C. Erythrocytes D. Skeletal muscles

Nitrogenous base present both in DNA and RNA is A. Uracil B. Thymine C. Cytosine D. Xanthosine

An example for physiological uncoupler is A. 2,4 dinitophenol B. 2,4 dinitrocresol C. Chlorocarbonylcyanide phenylhydrazone D. Thermogenin

Enzyme defect in acute intermittent porphyria is A. ALA synthase B. ALA dehydratase C. PBG deaminase D. Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase

Deficiency enzyme causing alkaptonuria is A. Tyrosinase B. Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase C. Homogentisate oxidase D. Dopa decarboxylase

The cholesterol lowering effect of statins is by inhibiting A. HMG CoA reductase B. HMG CoA lyase C. HMG CoA Synthase D. Cholesterol esterase

Which of the following is an epimer of glucose? A. Galactose B. Ribose C. Erythrose D. Glyceraldehyde

Which of the following mineral is best known for antioxidant role? A. Calcium B. Iron C. Phosphorus D. Selenium

Immunoglobulin which crosses placenta is A. IgG B. IgA C. IgM D. IgD

Which of the following does not increase the absorption of calcium? A. Vitamin D B. Absence of bile salts C. Basic amino acids D. Acidity

Limiting amino acid in the protein gelatin is A. Lysine B. Threonine C. Tryptophan D. Methionine

Calories generated per gram of fat is A. 4 kcal B. 5 kcal C. 8 kcal D. 9 kcal

Reference interval for microalbumin in urine is A. 830-1100 mg / day B. 630-800 mg/ day C. 430-600 mg / day D. 30-300 mg /day

Swollen and spongy gums, and poor wound healing are the symptoms associated with deficiency of A. Ascorbic acid B. Thiamine C. Niacin D. Biotin

Closeness of a result to the true value is termed as A. Precision B. Accuracy C. Sensitivity D. Specificity

-1 antitrypsin deficiency is associated with A. Wilson’s disease B. Cirrhosis of liver C. Emphysema D. Multiple myeloma

Which of the following amino acid in collagen is hydroxylated A. Glycine B. Tyrosine C. Threonine D. Lysine

The rate limiting enzyme in denovo cholesterol synthesis is A. Acetoacetyl-CoA synthase B. HMG CoA synthase C. HMG CoA reductase D. Mevalonate kinase QP CODE : 1024

Phospholipid deficiency in respiratory distress syndrome is A. Sphingomyelin B. Phosphatidyl ethanolamine C. Plasmalogen D. Lecithin

Which of the following compound used in the treatment of gout is a competitive inhibitor of xanthine oxidase? A. Probenicid B. Allopurinol C. Colchicine D. Acetaminophen

Nitrogenous base ethanolamine is present in A. Phosphatidyl inositol B. Plasmalogen C. Cephalin D. Lecithin

In Wilson’s disease copper accumulates in all of the following tissues EXCEPT A. Eyes B. Spleen C. Brain D. Liver

Methionine is a limiting amino acid in A. Cereals B. Maize and corn C. Pulses D. Tapioca

Urinary urobilinogen is increase in A. Hemolytic jaundice B. Hepatic jaundice C. Obstructive jaundice D. Physiological jaundice

Hyaluronic acid is seen in A. Synovial fluid B. Cartilage C. Cornea D. Bones

Reference interval for pH of urine is A. 3.5 to 4.5 B. 5.5 to 6.5 C. 7.5 to 8.5 D. 9.5 to 10.5

Which of the following is an example of enzyme which scavenges free radicals? A. Hexokinase B. Aconitase C. Fumarase D. Catalase

Which of the following contains iron? A. Ceruloplasmin B. Myoglobin C. Albumin D. Collagen

Specific dynamic action for protein is A. 5 B. 13 C. 18 D. 30

Hyponatremia is seen in A. Addison’s disease B. Cushing’s disease C. Primary hyperaldosteronism D. Steroid therapy

Normal serum level of albumin is A. 1.5 to 2.5 gm/dl B. 3.5 to 5 gm /dl C. 6 to 7.5 gm/dl D. 9 to 11 gm/dl

Number of calories given by one gram of carbohydrate is A. 2 B. 4 C. 6 D. 9

Hormone insulin activates which of the following pathway A. Glycogenolysis B. Gluconeogenesis C. Glycolysis D. Lipolysis

Administration of diuretics cause loss of potassium, which may lead to A. Respiratory acidosis B. Respiratory alkalosis C. Metabolic acidosis D. Metabolic alkalosis

Northern blotting technique is used for identification of A. RNA B. DNA C. Protein D. Lipoprotein

All of the following causes hyponatremia EXCEPT A. Cushing’s disease B. Addison’s disease C. Renal tubular acidosis D. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors

Southern blotting technique is used for detection of A. DNA B. RNA C. Protein D. Lipoprotein

CA 125 is a tumor marker for A. Ovarian cancer B. Hepatoma C. Carcinoma breast D. Pheochrmocytoma

Anemia can be caused by the deficiency of all EXCEPT A. Pyridoxine B. Vitamin B12 C. Vitamin C D. Riboflavin

Which one of the following is an important urinary buffer? A. Bicarbonate B. Ammonia C. Phosphate D. Proteins

Administration of loop diuretics leads to A. Metabolic acidosis B. Metabolic alkalosis C. Respiratory acidosis D. Respiratory alkalosis

End product of catabolism of protein is? A. Urea B. Uric acid C. Creatinine D. Orotic acid

Normal biological reference interval for serum sodium is A. 96-105 meq/L B. 116-135 meq/L C. 136-145 meq/L D. 156-165 meq/L

The marker enzyme for microsomes is A. ATP synthase B. Cathepsin C. Glucose-6-phosphatase D. Lactate dehydrogenase

When pH falls by 1 unit, hydrogen ion concentration A. Remains same B. Increases by 2 times C. Increases by 7 times D. Increases by 10 times

Cancer cells are immortal due to the activity of A. Ligase B. Helicase C. Telomerase D. Topoisomerase

Diagnostic enzyme for acute pancreatitis is A. Creatine Kinase - MB B. Acid phosphatase C. Aldolase D. Lipase

Which of the following is an example for acute phase protein? A. Prothrombin B. C-reactive protein C. Lipoprotein A D. Thyroxine binding globulin (TBG)

Which of the following conditions is not associated with hyperuricemia? A. Gout B. Leukemia C. Psoriasis D. Xanthinuria

The following organs can utilize ketone bodies during starvation EXCEPT A. Liver B. Brain C. Heart D. Skeletal muscle

Which one of the following is a good source of vitamin E? A. Cod liver oil B. Wheat germ oil C. Green leafy vegetables D. Egg yolk

Positive nitrogen balance is seen in A. Pregnancy B. Malignancies C. Malnutrition D. Chronic illness

Which of the following antioxidant enzyme is selenium dependent? A. Glutathione peroxidase B. Glutathione reductase C. NADPH oxidase D. Catalase

The ratio of bicarbonate to carbonic acid in bicarbonate buffer system is A. 20:1 B. 10:1 C. 4:1 D. 1:1

Which coenzyme is responsible for carboxylation reactions A. Biocytin B. FAD C. NAD D. TPP

Major intracellular cation is A. Magnesium B. Potassium C. Sodium D. Calcium

Biological reference interval of serum creatinine in males is A. 0.1 to 0.5 mg/dl B. 0.8 to 1.2 mg/dl C. 1.5 to 2.2 mg/dl D. 2.4 to 3.1 mg/dl

Hexose Monophosphate (HMP) Shunt pathway is necessary for all the following EXCEPT A. Transparency of lens B. RBC membrane integrity C. Reduce methemoglobin level D. Production of 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) for erythrocytes

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is produced by A. Platelets B. Monocytes C. Endothelial cells D. Fibroblasts

Clearance values of all of the following compounds are used to test glomerular function of kidney EXCEPT A. Glucose B. Creatinine C. Inulin D. Urea

Which of the following is a feature of respiratory acidosis? A. Decrease in Bicarbonate B. Increase in pCO2 C. Decreased hydrogen ion concentration D. Increase in rate and depth of respiration

The condition Acrodermatitis enteropathica is due to deficiency of A. Selenium B. Iodine C. Zinc D. Manganese

Enzymes synthesized in inactive form is called as A. Coenzymes B. Apoenzymes C. Proenzymes D. Lysozymes

In which of the following phase of cell cycle DNA replication takes place A. G1 B. G2 C. S D. M