Pharmacology Previous Year Question Papers

Enumerate the obstetrics and gynecological uses of prostaglandin analogues

Write about the toxicity amelioration of anticancer agents

After injecting succinylcholine I.V, to have muscle relaxation during a surgical procedure, a patient developed prolonged apnea. What could be the probable cause. What is the management for the above condition

Explain the management of paracetamol poisoning

Halothane.

Orphan drugs are a) drugs with high therapeutic failure b) drugs for rare disease c) drugs having low therapeutic margin d) drugs with high toxicity

Fourth generation Cephalosporin is: a) Cefaclor b) Cefepime c) Cefuroxime d) Cefoperazone

All are adverse effects of glucocorticoids except a) Fragile skin b) Osteoporosis c) Hypotension d) Diabetes mellitus

Erythropoietin.

Mention therapeutic uses and adverse effects of Metronidazole.

Inhaled corticosteroids.

Drug administered through the following route is most likely to be subjected to first-pass metabolism: a) Oral b) Sublingual c) Subcutaneous d) Rectal

Treatmet of choice for Anaphylaxis is a) Adrenalin 0.5ml 1:1000 solution by im b) Adrenalin 0.5ml 1:1000 solution by iv c) Adrenalin 0.5ml 1:10000 solution by im d) Adrenalin 0.5ml 1:100 solution by iv

The most commonly used ionotropic agent for the management of Heart failure is a) Noradrenaline b) Adrenaline c) Dobutamine d) Isoprenaline

Mesna is given with cyclophosphamide to a) Increase absorption b) Decrease excretion c) Decrease metabolism d) Ameliorate haemorrhagic cystitis

Concurrent use of the following drug is likely to cause failure of oral contraception: a) Isoniazid b) Rifampicin c) Cimetidine d) Propranolol

Allopurinol potentiates the action of a) Corticosteroids b) Probenecid c) 6- mercaptopurine d) Ampicillin

Digoxin acts by inhibiting a) H+ K+ ATPase b) Na+ K+ ATPase c) Na+ Ca+ exchange d) Na+ Cl- exchange

Which of the below mentioned diuretic is used in Acute Mountain sickness a) Indapamide b) Xipamide c) Acetazolamide d) Clopamide

Which of the following is an anti-thyroid drug? a) Propylthiouracil b) Thyroxine c) Hydrochlorothiazide d) Telithromycin

Low doses of aspirin prolong bleeding time by selectively inhibiting synthesis of the following mediator in the platelets: a) Thromboxane A2 b) 5-Hydroxytryptamine c) Platelet activating factor d) Prostacyclin

Dibucaine number is associated with a) Lignocaine b) d- tubocurarine c) Dibucaine d) Succinylcholine

Which of the following antitubercular agents are safe in pregnancy a) Rifampicin b) Streptomycin c) Pyrazinamide d) None of the above

The hypolipidemic drug acts by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase is: a) Fenofibrate b) Ezetimibe c) Atorvastatin d) Nicotinic acid

The most effective drug in parkinsonism is: a) Bromocriptine b) Selegiline c) Levodopa d) Biperiden

Livedo reticularis is the characteristic adverse effect of which of the following drugs? a) Levo-dopa b) Selegiline c) Amantadine d) Pramipexole

Diuretic that can be used in renal failure a) Spironolactone b) Furosemide c) Mannitol d) Hydrochlorothiazide

The following analgesic lacks anti-inflammatory action: a) Paracetamol b) Ibuprofen c) Diclofenac sodium d) Piroxicam

Drugs acting via tyrosine kinase receptors are a) TRH b) TSH c) Insulin d) MSH

Adverse effects of Amiodarone include all except a) Photosensitization b) Nephrotoxicity c) Pulmonary Fibrosis d) Hypothyroidism

Superinfection is commonly seen in all of the following conditions except a) use of broad-spectrum antibiotics b) use of immunosuppressant drugs c) Nutritional deficiency d) diabetes mellitus

Mesna is administered with cyclophosphamide and Iphosphamide to: a) Potentiate their cytotoxic action b) Retard their renal excretion c) Block their emetic action d) Ameliorate cystitis caused by them

The drug which undergoes 'Hofmann' elimination is: a) Succinylcholine b) Pancuronium c) Vecuronium d) Atracurium

Therapeutic Index is a) ED50/LD50 b) ED50-LD50 c) LD50/ED50 d) ED50XLD50

Finasteride acts by: a) Blocking testosterone receptors in the prostate gland b) Reducing testosterone secretion from testes c) Reducing LH secretion from pituitary d) Lowering circulating as well as prostatic dihydrotestosterone concentration

Octreotide is a long-acting synthetic analogue of: a) Prolactin b) Growth hormone c) Somatostatin d) Gonadotropin releasing hormone

Cinchonism is caused by a) Quinine b) Artemether c) Mefloquine d) Chloroquine

fomepizole is used in which poisoning a) methyl alcohol poisoning b) morphine poisoning c) strychnine poisoning d) atropine poisoning

The dose of Pralidoxime and Atropine in treatment of OP poisoning are a) Pralidoxime 2gm and Atropine 2 mg b) Pralidoxime 2mg and Atropine 0.2 mg c) Pralidoxime 2gm and Atropine 1.2 mg d) Pralidoxime 2gm and Atropine 0.2 mg

Actions of bradykinin include the following except: a) Fall in blood pressure b) Cardiac depression c) Increase in capillary permeability d) Bronchoconstriction

All are aminoglycosides except a) Neomycin b) Azithromycin c) streptomycin d) Amikacin

Atropine poisoning causes all except a) Dilated pupil b) Excessive salivation c) Excitement d) hot skin

True statement regarding depolarising neuromuscular blocking drug is a) The depolarised muscle fibres are unresponsive to other stimuli b) Causes muscle Fasciculations c) Not reversed by neostigmine d) All of the above

The characteristic toxicity of Ethambutol is: a) Hepatitis b) Visual defects c) Vestibular disturbance d) Renal damage

Recombinant human erythropoietin is indicated for: a) Megaloblastic anaemia b) Haemolytic anaemia c) Anaemia in patients of tha1assemia d) Anaemia in chronic renal failure patients

Which of the following has a long post antibiotic effect a) Doxorubicin b) Aminoglycosides c) Sulfonamides d) All of the above

Antidote for paracetamol poisoning is a) Naloxone b) Methylene blue c) N-acetylcysteine d) Flumazenil

Superinfections in patients on steroids is what type of ADR? a) Side effect b) Secondary effect c) Idiosyncrasy d) Otoxic effect

The following is true of cyclophosphamide except: a) It is highly reactive and a vesicant on contact b) It is a prodrug c) It has marked immunosuppressant property d) It frequently causes alopecia and cystitis

Trimethoprim inhibits bacteria without affecting mammalian cells because: a) It does not penetrate mammalian cells b) It has high affinity for bacterial but low affinity for mammalian dihydrofolate reductase enzyme c) It inhibits bacterial folate synthetase as well as dihydrofolate reductase enzymes d) All of the above

Which of the following antimalarial agents are safe in pregnancy for a) Chloroquine b) Quinine c) Artesunate d) All of the above

The drug of choice for status epilepticus is a) Lorazepam b) Propofol c) Thiopentone d) Sodium valproate

After taking some drug for acute migraine, the patient developed nausea and vomiting, he also developed tingling and numbness in the tip of the finger which eventually turned blue. Which drug has caused it? a) Dihydroergotamine b) Sumatriptan c) Aspirin d) Butorphanol

All are contraindications to BCG vaccine except: a) Patients receiving Cancer therapy b) Pregnancy c) Individuals with compromised host defence d) Tuberculin positive individuals

Which of the following are antioxidant vitamins that help in prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer? a) Vitamin E b) Beta carotene c) Vitamin C d) All of the above

All are antiplatelet drugs except a) Aspirin b) Warfarin c) clopidogrel d) dipyridamole

a) Enlist the different types of receptors with examples of drugs acting through them. b) Describe the factors modifying drug action and their clinical significance.

Classify Adrenergic drugs. Explain the pharmacological actions of Adrenaline. Mention the therapeutic uses and adverse effects of Adrenaline.

Classify Oral Antidiabetic Drugs. Write the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of Metformin.

a) Define Biotransformation. Describe the consequences of Biotransformation reactions with examples. b) Define Enzyme induction and describe its clinical significance.

Classify Penicillins. Write the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of Aminopenicillins. What is the rationale of combining Amoxicillin with clavulanic acid.

Classify Macrolides. Write the mechanism of action, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of Azithromycin.

Classify Antidepressants. Describe the mechanism of action, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of Tricyclic Antidepressants.

Classify NSAIDS. Write the mechanism of action, pharmacological uses and adverse effects of Paracetamol. Add a note on the treatment of paracetamol

Classify the drugs used in Hypertension. Write the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors.

Classify Antiparkinsonian Drugs. Describe the mechanism of action and adverse effects of Levodopa. Enlist the benefits of combining Levodopa with Carbidopa.

Classify the Oral Antidiabetic Drugs. Write the mechanism of action, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of Sitagliptin.

Classify the drugs used in Angina. Write the mechanism of action, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of Nitro-glycerine.

Describe the advantages and disadvantages of Intravenous route of Drug administration.

Describe the mechanism of action, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs).

Define apparent Volume of distribution. Describe its clinical significance.

Potassium Channel Openers.

Enlist the drugs used in Hypertensive emergencies with their mechanism of action.

Compare and contrast Succinylcholine and D-Tubocurarine.

Non-sedating Antihistaminics.

Compare and contrast Benzodiazepines and Barbiturates.

Male Contraception.

Name five Immunosuppressant’s. Write their therapeutic uses.

Describe therapeutics uses and adverse effects of Alpha Blockers.

Write a note on how to convince a patient to start insulin as a treatment for his uncontrolled type II Diabetes mellitus.

Enlist atropine substitutes and their Therapeutic uses.

Describe the mechanism of action, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of Thioamides.

Classify Anticholinesterases and mention their therapeutic uses.

Centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxants.

Describe the drugs used in the treatment of Cough.

Write various therapeutic uses and adverse effects of Thiazide Diuretics.

Write various therapeutic uses and adverse effects of Potassium Sparing Diuretics.

Explain the mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of proton Pump Inhibitors.

Describe the mechanism of action and therapeutic uses of Chloroquine.

Explain the mechanism of action, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of Ondansetron.

List out the Regimens used for treating Pulmonary Tuberculosis.

Describe disease modifying Anti Rheumatoid Drugs.

Treatment of H. Pylori infection.

Enlist Prostaglandin Analogues. Describe their Therapeutics uses.

Advantages and disadvantages of Parenteral Iron Preparations.

Describe how to counsel HIV/ AIDS patient to adhere to Anti-Retroviral Therapy.

Enlist the drugs used in Psoriasis.

Describe how to motivate patients with coronary artery disease to adhere to the prescribed treatment of the physician.

Mention therapeutic uses and adverse effects of Sulphonamides.

Define Prodrug with two examples.

Outline the Pharmacotherapy of Thyroid Storm.

Define Teratogenicity with two examples.

What are the adverse effects of ACE Inhibitors.

Enlist any two uses of Adrenaline with its rationale.

D- pencillamine.

What is Superinfection? Name two group of drugs producing it.

Mention the drugs used in the management of Myasthenia Gravis with its rationale.

Mention three topical Antifungal Agents.

What are the adverse effects of Corticosteroids.

Mention the drugs used in the management of Organo Phosphorous Poisoning with its rationale.

Zero order kinetics.

Mention adverse effects of INH. Explain the rationale of prescribing Pyridoxine with INH (Iso Nicotinic Acid Hydrazide).

Enlist any two Inhalational Corticosteroids used in Bronchial Asthma with their advantages.

Name three drugs used in Psoriasis.

Enlist Dihydrofolate –Reductase Inhibitors.

Mention three different groups of drugs used in Bronchial Asthma with one example for each.

Adverse effects of Levodopa.

Name three Immunosuppressant’s with their therapeutic uses.

Mention three drugs used in generalised Tonic Clonic Seizures.

Mention drugs used in treating Peripheral Arterial Disorders.

What is Malignant Hyperthermia? Mention the drug used for its treatment.

Name three newer anti-epileptic drugs with their mechanism of action.

Mention three drugs used in the treatment of Scabies.

Define Pharmacogenetics. Give two examples.

Enlist Anti Anginal Drugs.

What are the uses of Vitamin C.

Define Tachyphylaxis. Give two examples of drugs causing Tachyphylaxis.

Name three prostaglandin analogues with their indications.

A 20 years old female patient presented with fatigue and shortness of Breath. Her Hb was 7g/dl. Blood smear showed hypochromic Microcytic red cells. How do you treat the above patient?

Mention three advantages of using aluminium Hydroxide and Magnesium Hydroxide as antacid combination.

Enlist three uses and three side effects of Digoxin.

Enlist three vaccines administrated by Intra Muscular Route.

Pre-anaesthetic medication

Vinca alkaloids

Mucolytics with two examples

Proton pump inhibitors

Ondansetron

Chelating agents

Heparin.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

Thiazide diuretics.

Ciprofloxacin

Plasma half life

Low molecular weight heparins

Chloroquine

Mast cell stabilizers.

Amphotericin B.

Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of Imipenem with cilastatin

Write two uses and two adverse effects of Metformin

Write two uses and two adverse effects of Rifampicin

Write two uses and two adverse effects of Mebendazole

Prodrugs with two examples

Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERM) with two examples

Single Response Type

Morphine

Carbimazole

Therapeutic uses of Corticosteroids

Acyclovir

Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors

Transdermal drug delivery system.

Morphine – therapeutic uses and adverse effects

Newer Insulins

Cardioselective beta blockers

Superinfection

Sodium nitroprusside.

Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of Ethyl alcohol in methyl alcohol poisoning

Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of Beta blockers in angina

Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of Adrenaline in anaphylactic shock

Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of Propranolol in thyrotoxicosis

Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of Dantrolene in malignant hyperthermia.

Sumatriptan.

Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of Clavulanic acid with Amoxicillin.

Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of Morphine in Acute left ventricular failure.

Cyclophosphamide.

Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of Primaquine in Vivax malaria

Mechanism of action, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of vinca alkaloids.

Write two uses and two adverse effects of Frusemide

Write two uses and two adverse effects of Prednisolone

Ivermectin

Metformin.

Write two uses and two adverse effects of Morphine

Write two uses and two adverse effects of Metoclopramide

Choose the Appropriate Drug and Justify Oxytocin / Ergometrine for Induction of Labour.

Write two uses and two adverse effects of Ivermectin

Write two uses and two adverse effects of Prazosin

Write two uses and two adverse effects of Diazepam

Write two uses and two adverse effects of Ciprofloxacin

Write two uses and two adverse effects of Diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC)

Choose the appropriate drug and Justify Physostigmine/Neostigmine for Atropine poisoning

Choose the appropriate drug and Justify Ondansetron/Domperidone in chemotherapy induced vomiting.

Choose the Appropriate Drug and Justify Oxytocin / Methyl ergometrine in Postpartum hemorrhage.

Prostaglandin analogues.

Atypical antipsychotics with two examples

Prostaglandin analogues with two examples

Uterine Relaxants with two examples

Short acting insulin analogues with two examples

Antiretroviral drugs with two examples

Second generation antihistaminics with two examples

Topical antifungal agents with two examples

Bisphosphonates with two examples

Fat soluble vitamins with two examples

Neuraminidase inhibitors with two examples

Anabolic steroids with two examples

Fibrinolytics with two examples

Plasma expanders with two examples

HMG-CoA Reductase inhibitors with two examples

Centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxants with two examples

Drugs for treating Pseudomembranous enterocolitis with two examples

Chelating agents with two examples

(a) Classify drugs used to treat Angina. Describe the mechanism of action, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of Nitrates. Add a note on Prinzmetal Angina. (b) Describe the management of Acute left ventricular failure.

Read the case history and answer the following questions: An 18 years old boy was brought to the outpatient department with history of fever with chills and shivering for the past three days. Peripheral blood smear showed presence of intra erythrocytic P.vivax parasite. • Prescribe drugs treatment for the patient with dosage schedules. • Explain the mechanism of action of chloroquine. • What are the adverse effects of chloroquine when used for prolonged period in large doses

Classify Beta blockers. Write the mechanism of action, therapeutic uses and contraindications of Propranolol.

(a) Enumerate the various groups of Anti-thyroid Drugs used in clinical practice. Describe the mechanism of action and adverse effects of any one of these groups. Describe briefly the management of Thyroid Storm. (b) Human insulin

(a) Classify the drugs used in treatment of hypertension – any four groups with two examples each. (b) Describe in detail any one group with its mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects. (d) Name two drugs given for pregnancy induced hypertension.

Classify Antiepileptic drugs. Explain the mechanism of action, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of Sodium Valproate.

Enumerate Antiemetic drugs. Explain the Mechanism of action, uses and adverse effect of any one group. Briefly describe proton pump inhibitors

(a) Classify drugs used for treatment of epilepsy with two examples each. (b) Write the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of sodium valproate. (c) Outline the management of status epilepticus.

Classify antihypertensive. Explain the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of ACE inhibitors.

A 30-year-old female patient with complaints of restlessness, excessive sweating visits a physician. On investigation, patient was having high levels of free T3/T4 and very low TSH levels. A diagnosis of hyperthyroidism was made. (a) Classify the drugs used for the above condition. Outline the line of management. (b) Describe briefly Radioactive Iodine. (c) Discuss the pharmacological management of thyroid storm.

Name two selective and two nonselective cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibitors. Enumerate four uses of aspirin along with the dose required. Describe the adverse effects and drug interactions of aspirin.

Enumerate the second generation fluoroquinolones. What is their mechanism of action. What are the adverse effects produced by them.

A 65-year-old lady presented with pain in both knees more on the left side. The pain is worsened by walking or standing for some time. X-Ray of knee shows narrowing of joint space, mild effusion and osteophytic projections. A diagnosis of Osteoarthritis of knee is made. She gave past history of ischemic heart disease a year back which was treated by angioplasty and a stent was placed. (a) Classify Non-steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs). (b) Which NSAID will be suitable for reliving knee pain. Justify. (c) Which NSAID is to be avoided. Why. (d) Describe the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of Aspirin.

Classify drugs used in treatment of Peptic ulcer. Describe briefly Omeprazole.

Classify the drugs used in Chemotherapy of Tuberculosis. Write the mechanism of action, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of Rifampicin

Classify Antimalarial drugs. Write the mechanism of action, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of Chloroquine.

Explain the factors modifying drug action. Briefly describe newer drug delivery systems

(a) Mention different groups of penicillins with examples. (b) Explain mechanism of action of penicillins (c) What are uses and adverse effects of Amoxicillin.

A 52-year-old man presented with complaints of tightness and discomfort in middle part of chest, particularly after brisk walking. This is relived within 10 minutes of rest. A diagnosis of Angina pectoris was made by physician after appropriate investigations. (a) Mention four different drug groups used in treatment of Angina with two examples each. (b) Write the mechanism of action and adverse effects of Nitrates. (c) Outline the management of Acute pulmonary edema, with rationale for use of each drug. (d) Briefly describe Antiplatelet drugs.

Classify general anaesthetics. Write the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of Halothane. Enumerate four drugs used as pre-anaesthetic medication with its rationale for use. Discuss the management of Morphine poisoning.

An immigrant labourer comes to the hospital with fever, chills and rigor. Peripheral smear showed malarial parasites. He was given chloroquine and primaquine. • Classify antimalarial drugs • Why are chloroquine and primaquine combined. • Explain the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of chloroquine. • List four drugs used for chloroquine resistant falciparum malaria.

Classify Antihypertensive drugs. Describe the mechanism of action, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of Amlodipine. (3+3)

Classify Thyroid inhibitor drugs. Describe the mechanism of action, and adverse effects of carbimazole. Explain the role of iodides in hyperthyroidism.

Enumerate the newer drugs used in the treatment of epilepsy. Write the mechanism of action of any two agents. Discuss the line of management of Status Epilepticus.

A 30-year-old male patient with history of productive cough, evening rise of temperature and weight loss since 1 month visits a physician in a tertiary care hospital. On investigation, patient was positive for acid fast bacilli in the sputum and a diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis was made. (a) Enumerate the drugs used for the above condition. Discuss the regimen for this patient (b) Add a note on the management of Multi Drug Resistant Tuberculosis. (c) Mention the benefits of combination of Antitubercular drugs

Classify Oral anti diabetic drugs. Write the MOA and adverse effects of sulfonyl urea.

A prodrug is: a) the prototype member of a class of drugs b) the oldest member of a class of drugs c) an inactive drug that is transformed in the body to an active metabolite d) that drug stored in body tissues and released gradually in the circulation

Classify antiepileptic drugs. Explain the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of phenytoin and sodium valproate. List four drugs used in status epilepticus.

(a) Enumerate Oral Anti diabetic drugs. Describe the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of any two groups. (b) Briefly describe Insulin analogs. (4+6+5)

(a) Enumerate four drug groups used in treatment of peptic ulcer with two examples each. (b) Briefly describe the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of any one group. (c) Mention the drug group which gives immediate symptom relief in a patient with peptic ulcer.

List the various routes of drug administration with suitable examples. Write the merits and demerits of Intravenous route of drug administration.

All of the following antimalarial drugs are 4-aminoquinoline derivatives EXCEPT a. Chloroquine b. Piperaquine c. Primaquine d. Amodiaquine

Classify Oral Anti diabetic drugs. Describe the mechanism of action, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of Metformin

Classify anticholinergic drugs. Describe the pharmacological actions, therapeutic uses and contraindications of atropine.

Mr. X, a 65-year-old retired teacher had severe retrosternal chest pain radiating to shoulder and left arm. He was profusely sweating and his ECG revealed ST elevation and a diagnosis of Acute Myocardial infarction was made. (a) Write the management of Acute Myocardial infarction with rationale for use of each drug. (b) Enumerate the drugs to be prescribed at the time of discharge. (c) Mention the lifestyle modifications to be advised to this patient.

Classify atropine substitutes, explain their uses and adverse effects

Classify fluoroquinolones. Explain the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of fluoroquinolones.

Classify drugs used in the treatment of Tuberculosis. Outline the mechanism of action, adverse effects and uses of Rifampicin.

A male labourer aged 27 years was brought to the emergency department with signs and symptoms of rapid and shallow breathing, headache, vertigo, severe abdominal pain, dyspnea, motor incoordination, and slurred speech. He had a history of consuming illicit liquor 8 hours before he was brought to the emergency department. He was conscious and complained of blurred vision, fatigue and palpitation. On examination, he was found to have moderate retinal edema and blurring of the disc without any change in the fields of vision. (a) What could the features of the patient be suggestive of. (b) Drugs to be given for this patient with rationale for use for each one. (c) Describe drug dependence and outline the management of Alcohol dependence. (d) Describe general measures in poisoning.

What are the different types of oral contraceptive pills available. Describe the mechanism of action and adverse effects of combined oral contraceptive pills.

Multiple Response Type. Read the statements and mark the answers appropriately

Multiple Response Type

A drug addict is found in a state of stupor with flaccidity of muscles, shallow breathing, fall in BP and pinpoint pupils. A diagnosis of Morphine overdose is made. a) How do you treat a case of Morphine poisoning b) What are the contraindications of Morphine

Ritu, 40-year-old female with complaints of high fever with chills. On asking, she revealed dysuria, urgency etc. A diagnosis of Acute lower urinary tract infection was made. (a) Outline the management. (b) Prescribe suitably for a 24 weeks pregnant Rema, 21year for Acute Lower urinary tract infection. (c) Describe Urinary Antiseptics. (d) Name one urinary analgesic without any antibacterial property.

A one-year-old boy with febrile seizures was brought to the emergency department. (a) Which is the drug administered and mention the route of administration with its rationale. (b) Write the mechanism of action and other uses of the above drug. (c) Add a note on sodium valproate.

A man aged 45 years presented with complaints of gradual onset double vision, drooping eyelids, difficulty in chewing food and weakness of limbs which is accentuated by exercise. The symptoms fluctuate in intensity over time. A provisional diagnosis of Myasthenia gravis is made. a) Can a pharmacological test be performed to confirm the diagnosis. Explain b) What are the medications used to treat Myasthenia gravis c) Is there a surgical solution for this illness

A Resident surgeon consults a physician with the following problem: During a surgical procedure he got exposed to a 26-year-old female patient’s blood and saliva through a piercing injury on the finger. A needle had penetrated across his gloves and skin to a depth of 2–3 mm, but was withdrawn immediately and the area washed under running water. On enquiry, the patient revealed that one year back she had tested HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) positive, but was asymptomatic and not taking any anti-HIV medication. (a) Classify Antiretroviral drugs with two examples each. (b) Describe in detail the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects any two drug groups. (c) Add a note on the drugs used for post exposure HIV prophylaxis. (d) Measures to be practiced to avoid needle prick injury.

A 65-year-old woman presents with swelling over ankle and feet and over the face in morning. Weakness, fatigue, cough at night. A diagnosis of moderate heart failure is made by physician (a) Enumerate four drug groups with two examples each to treat heart failure. (b) Describe the rationale for using each drug group. (c) Mention the other uses and adverse effects of ACE Inhibitors.

A 25-year-old male with symptom of excessive fatigue and lack of sleep was brought to the clinic. His relatives say that he is socially withdrawn and has made two attempts of suicide. He was prescribed tab fluoxetine. • Explain the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of fluoxetine. • Classify other drugs useful in the above condition.

(a) Classify Antiretroviral drugs used in HIV. Describe the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of Zidovudine. Add a note on Post exposure prophylaxis. (b) Azole Antifungals

Read the clinical problem and answer the following questions: A 50 years old man was administered succinylcholine for endotracheal intubation. The patient developed prolonged muscle paralysis and apnea. • What could be the cause of apnea in this patient • How will you treat the apnea • Name two muscle relaxants that you can use in this patient in future

Mr. Madhavan aged 40 yrs developed pulmonary tuberculosis and he was given treatment with first line anti-tubercular agents. After one month of regular treatment, he reported back with complaints of visual disturbances and difficulty in following traffic signals. • Which drug is responsible for his complaints • What is the mechanism of its action in tuberculosis • What is MDR-TB • How will you manage MDR-TB

(a) Enumerate four drug groups used to treat Hypertension with two examples each. (b) Write the mechanism of action uses and adverse effects of any one group. (c) Describe the drugs used in management of Acute Myocardial infarction with rationale for use of each drug

A 24year old lady comes to the OPD with complaints of high fever with chills and rigors for the past 3 days. She also complains of headache, body ache and weakness. The fever lasts for 4 to 6 hours and subsides after sweating. You make a diagnosis of malaria based on blood smear which showed P. vivax parasites. a) Prescribe for this patient, if there is no drug resistance b) Briefly describe the erythrocytic schizonticide you prescribed c) Write two drugs given for Chemoprophylaxis

A 32years old woman, presented with complaints of weight loss, palpitations, sweating, irregular menses and occasional tremors of hands since 2-3 months. Clinical examination revealed a diffusely enlarged thyroid gland and blood tests showed decreased TSH. She was started on medication for Grave’s disease. a) What are the different pharmacological agents used for the treatment of hyperthyroidism b) What is the mechanism of action of Thioamides c) Add a note on Radioactive Iodine

A 52-year-old patient visits his doctor with complaints of increased frequency of urination, increased hunger and thirst. His fasting blood sugar was 150mg/dl Postprandial blood sugar was 230mg/dl, HbA1c was 8%. A diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes was made…. a) Classify Oral Anti diabetic drugs with two examples each. b) Add a note on Biguanides

A 30-year-old male was brought to the emergency department reporting a sudden onset of generalised tonic clonic convulsions and fall, in the nearby supermarket. His blood pressure and electrolytes were found to be normal. A diagnosis of generalised tonic clonic seizure was made. a) Classify the drugs used in treatment of epilepsy b) Describe the mechanism of action and adverse effects of phenytoin

(a) Mention different groups of Anti-thyroid drugs available for clinical use. (b) Which anti-thyroid drug is used to treat hyperthyroidism in pregnancy. How it lowers thyroxine levels (i.e mechanism). What are its adverse effects. (c) Explain the rationale for use of propranolol in hyperthyroidism. (d) Briefly describe Insulin analogs.

A 29-year employee gradually stopped going out, withdrew socially. He felt guilty, worthless and tired all time, lost interest in pleasure and sex and had disturbed sleep. Physician diagnosed him a case of Major depression. (a) Enumerate three drug groups with two examples each to treat major depression. (b) Write the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of Fluoxetine. (c) Briefly describe Atypical Antipsychotics

Ms. X, 50 year attended outpatient’s department with H/o giddiness and headache. Her blood pressure recording was 160/96 mm Hg. Diagnosis was essential hypertension (a) Name four drug groups with two examples which can be given for this patient. (b) Write the mechanism of action, two uses and two adverse effects of any two of the above drug groups. (c) Enumerate four drugs which can be given for hypertension in pregnancy. (d) Briefly describe management of hypertensive emergency.

Classify antithyroid drugs. Write the advantages and disadvantages of using radioactive Iodine.

A 22-year-old farmer was brought to the casualty with symptoms of nausea, vomiting, severe abdominal pain, lacrimation, salivation, blurring of vision, muscular twitches and weakness. He was suspected to have consumed Organo-phosphorous compound. a) Outline the management of this poisoning b) Discuss the mechanism of action and rationale for using the specific antidotes

A 40 years old female patient admitted to hospital with a complaint of fever with chills and right loin pain since 5 days. She is a known diabetic. Urine microscopy shows plenty of pus cells and gram negative bacilli. Her serum creatinine is moderately elevated. Ultra sonogram of abdomen suggestive of acute pyelonephritis of right kidney. • List four groups of drugs with example, useful against gram negative organisms • Explain the mechanism of action and two adverse effects of each group • Describe the mechanism of action of Fluoroquinolones • Mention the antibiotics to be avoided for the above patient

A middle aged man posted for Appendisectomy was given an injection by the ward nurse before being shifted to the operation theatre. Patient developed dryness of mouth, difficulty in swallowing and severe thirst. • What is the drug that was injected • Why the drug was given pre-operatively • What are the other drugs which are given pre-operatively

Classify Oral antidiabetic drugs. Discuss in detail any one group. Describe briefly Human insulin. Discuss the management of Diabetic Ketoacidosis.

A 45-year-old nurse complaining of evening rise of temperature since a month with loss of appetite and weight is presenting with sputum positive for AFB and diagnosis for primary pulmonary tuberculosis. (a) Enumerate the orally administered first line drugs (b) Write the mechanism of action and other uses of Rifampin. (c) Enumerate four drugs given for mycobacterium avium complex infection

The antiasthma drug which cannot be administered by inhalation route is: a) Theophylline b) Ipratropium bromide c) Budesonide d) Terbutaline

A 30 years old pregnant woman attended to hospital with a complaint of sudden onset of swelling of right leg and tenderness over calf. Venous Doppler of right leg suggestive of presence of a large thrombus in leg veins. • Classify anticoagulants • Choose the ideal drug for this patient, write its mechanism of action and adverse effects. • What are advantages of low molecular weight heparins

Prasad, 40-year-man weighing 60 kg suffering from chronic cough with expectoration and fever was diagnosed to have cavitary pulmonary tuberculosis. (a) Classify the drugs used in the treatment of tuberculosis. (b) Discuss in detail on the mechanism of action and adverse effects of first line antitubercular drugs. (c) Add a note on the drug therapy of Multi Drug Resistant tuberculosis

A 24-year-old female with fever and chills came to causality. Gives history of urinary urgency and dysuria. Urine examination confirmed acute lower urinary tract infection and urine sample given for culture and sensitivity. (a) List two antibiotic groups which can be used to start therapy. (b) Write the mechanism of action, other uses and adverse effects of any one group. (c) List any two antibiotic groups which is contra-indicated in a pregnant lady with urinary tract infection. (d) Name two drugs which is given for chemoprophylaxis.

A farmer was brought to the emergency department of the hospital presenting with lacrimation, salivation, sweating and breathlessness. O/E he is having miosis, blurring of vision, bronchospasm with copious trachea-bronchial secretions with BP- 100/60mmHg and PR-60/min. He gives history of spraying a strong insecticide in his agricultural field. (a) What is the likely diagnosis (b) Briefly outline the general measures of management (c) Discuss in detail the drugs used to manage this condition with its rationale for use

Which of the following combination is the current gold standard treatment for HIV associated cryptococcal meningitis a. Flucytosine + Amphotericin B b. Fluconazole + Amphotericin B c. Voriconazole + Flucytosine d. Fluconazole + Caspofungin

A 30 years old male patient admitted to hospital with a complaint of fever with chills since 5 days. Severe headache and yellowish discolouration of conjunctiva present. He is drowsy and irritable. Peripheral smear shows gametocytes of plasmodium falciparum. He is using chloroquine since onset of fever but fever not subsided. • What is the diagnosis of the clinical condition • Classify drugs used in malaria • Describe the management of above condition • Mention two regimens of artemisinin based combination therapy

A 50 years old male patient came to hospital with a complaint of breathlessness, Orthopnoea and swelling of both feet since 10 days. He is a known ischemic heart disease patient, using aspirin only and not taking the other drugs as prescribed. His heart rate is 128/mt and his blood pressure is 160/100 mm of Hg. Echocardiogram shows dilated cardiac chambers. • Classify drugs used in congestive heart failure • Explain the mechanism and pharmacological action of digoxin • Describe the adverse effects of beta blockers

Classify Opioid analgesics. Write the pharmacological effects, therapeutic uses, adverse effects and contraindications of Morphine.

A 60-year-old man gives history of chest pain, sweating and breathlessness on brisk walking, which is relieved on taking rest. • Classify drugs that are useful in this condition. • Explain the mechanism and pharmacological actions, uses and adverse effects of nitrates

A recently married woman comes to your clinic with complaints of calf tenderness. She says she has been using a tablet for preventing pregnancy. • Classify hormonal contraceptives • Enumerate the advantages, disadvantages and precautions while using these drugs

A 68year old female patient, complains of easy fatigability for past 6 months. Routine checkup showed her fasting blood glucose level to be 168 mg/dL, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was 9 %. Renal functions were normal. No other comorbidities were found. a) Classify Oral anti diabetic drugs with two examples each b) Briefly describe Metformin

(a) Explain the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of Aspirin. (b) Briefly describe Low molecular weight Heparin.

Patient: Mr. John Taylor, a 45-year-old man presents with the chief complaint: Severe heartburn and regurgitation of food after meals, especially at night. Medical History: Overweight (BMI: 29), Occasional alcohol use. No known drug allergies. Presenting Symptoms: Heartburn and acid regurgitation after meals for the past 3 months. Symptoms are worse when lying down, particularly at night. Difficulty swallowing at times. Has been self-medicating with over-the-counter antacids but reports no significant relief. Physical Examination: Normal vital signs, No signs of systemic illness, abdominal tenderness or masses and not anaemic. Diagnosis: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

A 35-year-old woman with a history of heavy menstrual periods presents with fatigue and dizziness. Blood tests confirm iron deficiency anemia.

Low dose Aspirin.

(a) Describe the uses and adverse effects of Ceftriaxone. (b) Discuss the toxicity of Anticancer drugs and ways to manage the same

Losartan.

(a) Describe the Mechanism of action, newer liposomal formulations, uses and adverse effects of Amphotericin B. (b) Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators.

(a) Classify peripherally acting skeletal muscle relaxants. (b) Mention one centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant with its mechanism of action and indications for use.

Ezetimibe

(a) Discuss the pharmacological management of Hypertriglyceridemia. Add a note on Atorvastatin. (b) Insulin Analogues.

Drugs used to treat Parkinsonism. Describe the Mechanism of action and adverse effects of levodopa.

Penicillin

Enalapril

(a) Enumerate the drug groups used to treat Peptic ulcer. (b) Write the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of any one group. (c) Briefly describe Ondansetron.

Briefly describe drug biotransformation. Describe microsomal enzyme induction.

Discuss the factors modifying drug action. Describe the clinical importance of plasma protein binding of drugs.

Name two Atypical antipsychotics. What are the advantages of Atypical antipsychotics over Typical antipsychotics

G-protein coupled receptors

(a) Mechanism of action therapeutic uses and adverse effects of Amphotericin B. (b) Briefly describe Anti-thyroid drugs

III generation cephalosporin

Dissociative anaesthesia' is produced by: a) Ketamine b) Fentanyl c) Propofol d) Both A & B

(a) Enumerate the drugs used for Psoriasis and explain the pharmacological basis for their use. (b) Penicillin.

Amlodipine

Which of the following antimicrotubular agent is used in the treatment of prostrate cancer a. Paclitaxel b. Docetaxel c. Estramustine d. Vincristine

Beta-Lactamase inhibitors

Define plasma half-life and give two examples of drugs with very short half life. Define therapeutic index and give two examples each for drugs with high and low therapeutic index".

Second generation H1 antihistaminic drugs

Adverse effects of Corticosteroids

Factors modifying drug action.

Two statements – Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Answer these questions by selecting the appropriate options given below

(a) Enumerate the drugs used in the management of peptic ulcer. Describe Triple Drug Regimen in the drug treatment of H. Pylori Infection. (b) Ondansetron.

Adrenaline

(a) Penicillin. (b) Aminoglycosides.

Briefly describe kinetics of elimination. Add a note on factors modifying drug action.

Special drug delivery systems

Enumerate drugs used in Peptic ulcer. Add a note on Prokinetic agents.

Compare the Mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of Thiazides and Loop diuretics.

Clomiphene citrate.

Anti Helicobacter Pylori Drugs

Explain chemoprophylaxis with examples. Write two different HIV prophylaxis regimens.

Aspirin

Discuss the management of drug induced Parkinsonism. Discuss the management of megaloblastic anaemia.

Doxycycline

Treatment of Status Asthmaticus

(a) Discuss in detail the Pharmacotherapy of Urinary tract infection. (b) Briefly describe the adverse effects of Oral Contraceptive Pills.

Which is the most important drug in the treatment of organophosphorus poisoning: a) Atropine sulfate b) Atenolol c) Diazepam d) Adrenaline

Metoprolol

Classify bisphosphonates. Explain in detail on the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of bisphosphonates

Frusemide

Which of the following amphotericin formulations is least like to cause infusion-related reactions a. Amphotericin B deoxycholate b. Amphotericin B colloidal dispersion c. Amphotericin B lipid complex d. Liposomal amphotericin B

Ofloxacin

Classify drugs used to treat Parkinsonism with one example from each group

Classify drugs used in treatment of chronic simple glaucoma. Write the mechanism of action and adverse effects of Beta blockers.

Linezolid

Classify antifungal drugs. Explain the mechanism of action, uses, and adverse effects of Amphotericin B. Add a note on the various liposomal formulations of Amphotericin B

A 62-year-old male presents with exertional dyspnea and pedal edema. There is no significant medical or family history. Physical examination showed the presence of elevated jugular venous pulse and mild hepatomegaly. Echocardiography showed an ejection fraction of 35% (normal >50%), suggestive of heart failure. a) Name two drug groups, with two examples for each, which are likely to slow down the disease progression in this patient. b) Explain their mechanism of action in heart failure. c) Which drug would be suitable to relieve the congestive symptoms in this patient.Explain. d) Explain the role of phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitors in heart failure

(a) Discuss the adverse effects of Oral contraceptives. (b) Describe the mechanism of action, adverse effects and Uses of Cyclosporine.

(a) Pharmacotherapy of irritable bowel syndrome with the rationale for use. (b) Oral Contraceptive Pills

(a) Signs and symptoms of Atropine toxicity. Briefly outline the management. (b) Uses of Prostaglandins

Mannitol

Corticosteroids.

Telmisartan

Lansoprazole

Enumerate opioid receptors. Write the uses, adverse effects and contra indications for Morphine. Briefly describe the management of Morphine poisoning.

Pantoprazole.

Describe the therapeutic uses and adverse effects of Corticosteroids.

Classify Diuretics. Briefly describe Frusemide.

(a) Discuss the management of cardiogenic shock. (b) Discuss the treatment of status asthmaticus.

Alkylating agents

Drug therapy of migraine prophylaxis

(a) Classify the drugs used in the pharmacotherapy of Peptic ulcer. Discuss the pharmacological management of Helicobacter pylori infection. (b) Briefly describe Methotrexate.

Carbamazepine is not used in a) Mania b) Partial seizure c) Trigeminal neuralgia d) Migraine

Neostigmine

Enumerate the drugs used in treatment of Peptic ulcer. Briefly describe any one group. Write one Helicobacter pylori eradication regimen.

Cephalosporin used in MRSA infection a. Ceftaroline b. Ceftalozone c. Ceftazidime d. Cefotaxime

Antibiotics used in cancer chemotherapy

Describe the uses, adverse effects and contraindications of atropine and atropine substitutes.

Therapeutic uses and adverse effects of morphine and its congeners

Griseofulvin

Aminoglycosides

(a) Enumerate four Selective Serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Write four uses and four adverse effects. (b) Briefly describe Lignocaine

A 30 year old female with systemic lupus erythamatosis was given prednisolone 40 mg/day a) What are the precautions to be taken in this patient. Why. b) Enumerate four clinical uses of corticosteroids, with its rationale for use c) Enumerate four serious adverse effects of prolonged steroid use

A 60-year-old male with a history of hypertension and diabetes presents to the emergency department with crushing chest pain radiating to his left arm, suggestive of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). He is anxious, and his pain is rated as 9/10. The patient is stabilized with oxygen and other supportive measures but his chest pain persists. a) Mention the analgesic of choice in this patient with route of administration and pharmacological basis for the same. b) Mention two adverse effects of the same along with the involved receptor. c) Enumerate two other uses of the preferred analgesic. d) Mention two antagonists that can be used in case the patient encounters overdosage with route of administration

(a) Discuss the uses of Glucocorticoids. (b) Describe the rationale in Combining antimicrobial agents in clinical practice.

Therapeutic uses of Prostaglandins.

Glucocorticosteroids

(a) Frusemide. (b) Write the pharmacological management of Stage II Hypertension.

Carbamazepine

(a) Drug treatment of pulmonary Tuberculosis. (b) Add a note on Extremely drug resistant TB.

Vancomycin

Compare Inhalational and intravenous general anesthetics

Atorvastatin

(a) Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs). (b) Treatment of Diabetic Ketoacidosis.

(a) Outline the management of Organophospherous poisoning. (b) Write the mechanism of action, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of Pancuronium.

(a) Alpha blockers (b) Enumerate the uses of prostaglandins

Atracurium

Enumerate Cephalosporins. Describe their mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of third generation Cephalosporins.

Among the disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, fastest symptom relief is obtained with: a) Auranofin b) Hydroxychloroquine c) Sulfasalazine d) Methotrexate

Compare Radioactive Iodine and Carbimazole.

The thiazolidinedione withdrawn from the market due to hepatoxicity is a. Pioglitazone b. Rosiglitazone c. Troglitazone d. Lobeglitazone

H2 blockers

Enumerate four drug groups used in treatment of Bronchial asthma with its rationale for use. Enumerate two drug groups used to treat cough.

Classify drugs used in Bronchial asthma. Discuss the management of Status Asthmaticus.

Cyclosporine

Classify uterine stimulants and relaxants with suitable examples. Explain the rationale for the use of oxytocin in prevention of postpartum haemorrhage (PPH).

Define bioavailability. What are the factors that affect bioavailability of drugs

Sertraline.

(a) Discuss the First Line Drugs used in Leprosy with dosage. (b) Discuss the management of Invasive intestinal Amoebiasis.

(a) Insulin analogs (b) ORS Short answers

(a) Outline the management of Falciparum Malaria. (b) Write one Artemisinin based combination therapy egimen". (c) Metronidazole.

Second generation antihistaminic agents

(a) Neostigmine. (b) Ondansetron.

Define half life of a drug and give its clinical significance

(a) Chloroquine (b) Oral Contraceptive Pills

Briefly describe Adrenaline. Advantage of combining Adrenaline with Lignocaine. Mention the sites where this combination is contraindicated.

(a) Diazepam (b) Describe the management of Acute Myocardial Infarction.

Vildagliptin

Advantages and disadvantages of intravenous route of drug administration

Short acting insulin analogues

List three classes of Antiemetics. Write the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of the most effective Antiemetic group.

Drugs having both alpha and beta agonist property a) Propranolol b) Adrenaline c) dopamine d) Diazepam

Clinical uses of prostaglandins

(a) Briefly describe d – pencillamine. (b) Adverse effects of Corticosteroids.

Paracetamol

Synthetic levothyroxine is stored in dark bottles to a. minimize spontaneous deiodination b. Avoid changes in brand bioavailability c. Improve efficacy d. Reduce product antigenicity

Prophylaxis of migraine

(a) Four drugs used to treat Chronic glaucoma with rationale for use of each drug. (b) Describe the Management of Status epilepticus

Propranolol

Selective COX-2 inhibitors (merits and demerits).

Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of Oxytocin for induction of labour

Write in detail on the mechanism of action, uses, and adverse effects of aminoglycoside antibiotics.

Enumerate three drug groups with two examples each for treating chronic simple glaucoma.Write the mechanism of action of all three groups

Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of Atorvastatin in primary hyperlipidaemia.

Pharmacological basis for the use of Tamoxifen in Carcinoma Breast.

Pharmacotherapy of Thyrotoxic crisis (thyroid storm)

Pharmacological management of Opium (Morphine) dependence.

Adrenaline with lignocaine for tooth extraction

Uses of Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators

Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of Mifepristone in termination of pregnancy

Briefly describe enzyme induction and enzyme inhibition with suitable examples.

Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of Trimethoprim and Sulfamethoxazole as a combination

Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of Metoclopramide in vomiting.

Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of Pyridoxine should be given with Isoniazid.

Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of Trihexyphenidyl in the treatment of Drug induced parkinsonism

Pharmacotherapy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Pharmacological management of Bronchial Asthma.

Pharmacological basis of Adrenaline in Anaphylactic shock.

Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of Desferrioxamine in Iron poisoning

Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of Misoprostol in the treatment of Aspirin induced gastritis

Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of Modafinil in night shift workers

(a) Briefly describe Mifepristone (b) Uses of Anabolic steroids

Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of Tapering dose of Glucocorticoids after prolonged therapy rather than stopping it abruptly

Which of the following adrenergic agents increases peripheral vascular resistance a) Noradrenaline b) Adrenaline c) Isoprenaline d) None of the above

Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of Pralidoxime in organophosphate compound poisoning

Triazole Antifungal agents.

Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) with Isoniazid (INH) in Antitubercular therapy.

Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of Low dose Aspirin in prophylaxis of myocardial infarction

Drugs inhibiting 5 - deiodinase and decreasing T3 level include ail of the following EXCEPT a. Lithium b. Amiodarone c. Beta-blockers d. Propylthiouracil

Pyridoxine with isoniazid

Spinal anaesthesia - complications and treatment

Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of Metronidazole and ceftriaxone for brain abscess

Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of Magnesium hydroxide and Aluminium hydroxide combination as antacid

Pharmacological management of Myasthenia gravis.

Enumerate Antiemetics. Add a brief note on mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of the most effective group

Name three drug groups with two examples each used in treatment of Rheumatoid arthritis.Briefly describe DMARD

Pharmacological basis for the use of Benzathine Penicillin in Rheumatic fever prophylaxis.

Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of Adrenaline with lignocaine in local anaesthesia

Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of Dopamine in Cardiogenic shock.

Enumerate four therapeutic uses of Adrenaline, with its rationale for use in each condition.

Levodopa and carbidopa in parkinsonism

Monoclonal antibodies and their uses

Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of Trihexyphenidyl in drug induced extrapyramidal syndrome

Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of Alendronate in osteoporosis management

Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of Lactulose in Hepatic encephalopathy

Combination of Trimethoprim and Sulfamethoxazole.

Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of Sodium nitrite in the treatment of Cyanide poisoning

Mention adverse effects of Aminoglycosides

Streptokinase

Pharmacological basis for the use of Protamine sulphate in heparin overdosage.

Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of Levodopa and Carbidopa in the treatment of Parkinsonism

Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of Spironolactone in cirrhosis of liver.

Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of 5HT3 Antagonist (eg. ondansetron) is used in Chemotherapy induced vomiting

Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of Carbidopa in combination with Levodopa.

Alkylating agents and their uses in cancer chemotherapy

Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of Lugol’s Iodine is given for 10 days prior to thyroidectomy surgery for Grave’s disease.

The Selective Estrogen Receptor Modular (SERM) that is approved treatment of menopausal symptoms and for Prophylaxis of postmenopausal osteoporosis in combination with conjugated estrogen is a. Lasofoxifene b. Raloxifene c. Bazedoxifene d. Toremifene

Letrozole in breast cancer after surgery

Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of Fomepizole in methanol poisoning

Pharmacological basis of drugs used in treatment of Acute Migraine

Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of Sublingual administration of drugs

Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of Multidrug therapy for tuberculosis

Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of Combination of Amoxicillin and Clavulanic acid

Pharmacotherapy of Parkinsonism.

Enumerate SERMs. Write in detail about any one member.

Mention two low molecular weight heparins. Explain their mechanism of action. What are the differences between unfractionated heparin and low molecular weight heparins.

Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of Methotrexate in Rheumatoid arthritis.

Pharmacological basis for the use of Fenofibrate in Hyperlipedemia.

Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of Prazosin in Benign hypertrophy of prostate.

Propofol.

Amlodipine and metoprolol in angina

Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of Furosemide in acute pulmonary edema.

Fixed drug combination of drugs

Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of Ritonavir in low doses in various Anti retroviral regimes

Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of Combination of Oestrogen and Progesterone in Oral contraceptive pills

Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of Aspirin in the secondary prevention of Ischaemic heart disease

Pharmacotherapy of Alcohol dependence.

Pharmacological basis for the use of Timolol in glaucoma.

Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of INH and pyridoxine

Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of Morphine in Acute myocardial infarction

Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of Finasteride in benign prostatic hypertrophy

Treatment of thyrotoxic crisis.

Which of the following is used as nasal decongestant a) Clonidine b) Dobutamine c) Norepinephrine d) Oxymetazoline

Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of Verapamil in paroxysmal supra ventricular tachycardia

Classify the Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) and explain the pharmacological basis of their clinical indications.

Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of MESNA is administered during cyclophosphamide therapy

Antacid combinations for well sustained effect are most likely composed of a. Calcium and magnesium salts b. Calcium and aluminum salts c. Aluminum and magnesium salts d. Sodium bicarbonate and Magnesium salts

Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of Folinic acid along with 5 – fluorouracil

Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of Tramadol as analgesic

Enumerate Alpha blockers and explain their therapeutic uses.

Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of Vitamin K in warfarin toxicity

Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of Sulphadoxine and pyrimethamine in malaria

Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of Raloxifene is used in the treatment of Osteoporosis in postmenopausal women

Treatment of Acute attack of gout

Compare and contrast: chlorpromazine and risperidone.

Write two uses and two adverse effects of Spironolactone

Pharmacological basis for the use of Zidovudine in HIV.

Write two uses and two adverse effects of Adrenaline.

Treatment of Chloroquine resistant falciparum malaria

Pharmacotherapy of Rheumatoid arthritis.

Two uses and two adverse effects of Cinnarizine

Briefly describe combined Oral Contraceptive Pills. Add a note on emergency contraception.

Write two uses and two adverse effects of d-Tubocurarine

Mechanism of action and therapeutic indications of Atorvastatin

Fluroquinolones.

Write two uses and two adverse effects of Clomiphene citrate.

Write two uses and two adverse effects of Warfarin

What is the rationale of using Beta-blockers in Glaucoma.

Write two uses and two adverse effects of Amphotericin B

Write two uses and two adverse effects of Propranolol

Write two uses and two adverse effects of Human erythropoietin (Epoietin)

Management of Iron poisoning.

Write two uses and two adverse effects of Clonidine

Write two uses and two adverse effects of Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors

QT interval prolongation occurs as an adverse effect of a. Domperidone b. Metoclopramide c. Cisapride d. Omeprazole

Write two uses and two adverse effects of Vancomycin

Write two uses and two adverse effects of Lignocaine

Pharmacological basis of drugs used in Congestive Cardiac failure

Write two uses and two adverse effects of Verapamil

Write two uses and two adverse effects of Metronidazole

Pharmacotherapy of Organophosphorous poisoning

A 60-year-old lady presents with back pain and in the legs. She also complains of a recent fracture in the right wrist joint. After investigation, the physician made a diagnosis of Osteoporosis. She was prescribed Alendronate. Explain the mechanism of action and adverse effects of Alendronate.

Mention four groups of antiasthmatic drugs giving two examples each. How will you treat a case of acute severe exacerbation of bronchial asthma.

Write two uses and two adverse effects of Enalapril.

Management of Hospital Acquired Infections.

Write two uses and two adverse effects of Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

Write two uses and two adverse effects of Glyceryl trinitrate.

Treatment of Pulmonary tuberculosis

Anxiety disorders.

Two uses and two adverse effects of Risperidone

Write two uses and two adverse effects of Griseofulvin

Pharmacotherapy of Anaphylactic shock with rationale for use of each drug.

Write two uses and two adverse effects of Gentamicin

Write two uses and two adverse effects of Methotrexate

Write two uses and two adverse effects of Fluoxetine

Therapeutic uses of Anti-histamines.

Drugs used in migraine prophylaxis.

Write two uses and two adverse effects of Acyclovir

Acyclovir Choose the Appropriate Drug and Justify:

Artemisinin based combination therapy in Malaria

Write two uses and two adverse effects of Tetracyclines

Atropine is added to commercial preparations containing diphenoxylate to a. Potentiate anti-spasmodic effect b. To reduce excretion of salt and water c. To prevent overdosage and discourage opioid dependence d. To prolong its duration of action

Write two uses and two adverse effects of Carbamazepine

Therapeutic uses and adverse effects of Neostigmine

Write two uses and two adverse effects of Salbutamol

Write two uses and two adverse effects of Radioactive iodine

Write two uses and two adverse effects of Propylthiouracil

Loratadine/Chlorpheniramine maleate for Acute Rhinitis in a driver

Write two uses and two adverse effects of Streptomycin

Enumerate four factors that modify drug action giving suitable examples for each.

Write two uses and two adverse effects of Phenytoin sodium.

Write two uses and two adverse effects of Potassium channel openers

Write two uses and two adverse effects of Clozapine.

Choose the Appropriate Drug and Justify Ampicillin /Ciprofloxacin in urinary tract infection in a pregnant lady.

Propofol. Adrenaline/Noradrenaline in Anaphylactic shock

Two uses and two adverse effects of Heparin

Choose the Appropriate Drug and Justify Oxytocin / Ergometrine for Post-partum haemorrhage

Write two uses and two adverse effects of Acetazolamide

Choose the Appropriate Drug and Justify Prazosin/Phentolamine for the treatment of Benign hypertrophy of prostate (BPH) in elderly patients

Tetracycline/Amoxicillin n pharyngitis for a 5-year-old child

Choose the Appropriate Drug and Justify Codein / Bromhexine in dry cough.

Choose the Appropriate Drug and Justify Atropine / Phenylephrine for refraction testing.

Write two uses and two adverse effects of Levamisole

Write two uses and two adverse effects of Dimercaprol

Amitriptyline

Write two uses and two adverse effects of Ketamine

Choose the Appropriate Drug and Justify Metformin/Sitagliptin for insulin resistance in a diabetic patient.

Write two uses and two adverse effects of Low molecular weight heparin

Which of the following metabolic adverse effect is caused by cyclosporine a. Hypokalemia b. Hyperkalemia c. Hypercalcemia d. Hypocalcemia

Write two uses and two adverse effects of Esomeprazole

Write two uses and two adverse effects of Isosorbidedinitrate

Choose and Justify the Appropriate Drug Edrophonium /Pyridostigmine for the diagnosis of Myasthenia gravis.

Write two uses and two adverse effects of Dextran

Write two uses and two adverse effects of Calcipotriol

Prazosin/Tamsulosin in Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy. Name the following (Two examples for each):

Choose the appropriate drug and Justify Chloroquine / Diloxanide furoate in amebic liver abscess

What is the pharmacological basis for the use of pyridoxine along with isoniazid.

Mention four atropine substitutes with respective clinical indications for the same.

Choose the appropriate drug and Justify Prednisolone/Fluticasone in bronchial asthma.

Choose the Appropriate Drug and Justify Metoclopramide / Domperidone for vomiting in a Parkinsonism patient on Levo Dopa.

Write two uses and two adverse effects of Low molecular weight Heparin/Warfarin as Anticoagulant in pregnancy.

Choose the Appropriate Drug and Justify Cyclosporine / Sirolimus for graft rejection reaction in Renal failure patient.

Choose the Appropriate Drug and Justify Levodopa/Benzhexol in chlorpromazine induced Parkinsonism

Furosemide/Spironolactone in cirrhosis liver

Choose the Appropriate Drug and Justify Cotrimoxazole / Cephalexin in prophylaxis of recurrent cystitis in pregnancy

Choose the appropriate drug and Justify Nifedipine/Verapamil in hypertension

Choose the Appropriate Drug and Justify Colchicine/Allopurinol for the treatment of Acute gout

Choose the appropriate drug and Justify Propylthiouracil / Carbimazole for treatment of Thyroid storm

Choose the appropriate drug and Justify Rifabutin/ Rifampicin in Tuberculosis in AIDS patients.

Choose the appropriate drug and Justify Ciprofloxacin/Ceftriaxone in a pregnant lady diagnosed to have Enteric fever

Choose the appropriate drug and Justify Labetalol/Losartan in Pregnancy induced hypertension

Ceftriaxone/ Amikacin in gonorrhoea Name the following (Two examples for each):

Choose the Appropriate Drug and Justify Alpha Methyl Dopa / Losartan in pregnancy induced hypertension.

Choose the Appropriate Drug and Justify Promethazine / Levocetirizine for a machine operator.

Choose the appropriate drug and Justify Ciprofloxacin/Norfloxacin in urinary tract infection

Choose the appropriate drug and Justify Salbutamol / Sodium cromoglycate in the treatment of acute attack of Bronchial asthma

Choose the appropriate drug and Justify Glibenclamide/Glipizide in elderly patients

Choose the appropriate drug and Justify Disulfiram / Fomepizole in methyl alcohol poisoning

Choose the appropriate drug and Justify Enalapril/amlodipine in hypertension with renal failure

Choose the Appropriate Drug and Justify Azithromycin/Clindamycin for mycoplasma pneumonia

Folinic acid/folic acid in Methotrexate toxicity

Choose the appropriate drug and Justify Dextromethorphan/Ambroxol for suppressing dry cough

Which of the following has immunostimulant action a. Prednisolone b. Levamisole c. Cyclosporine d. Thalidomide

Ondanesetron/Metoclopramide in cancer chemotherapy associated vomiting

Choose the appropriate drug and Justify Naloxone/Methadone in morphine addiction

Choose and Justify the Appropriate Drug Scopolamine/Cetirizine for motion sickness Name the following (Two examples for each):

Choose the appropriate drug and Justify Chloramphenicol/Ceftriaxone in typhoid fever

Choose the appropriate drug and Justify Domperidone/ Ondansetron in the treatment of Chemotherapy induced vomiting

Regular / Lente insulin in diabetic ketoacidosis Name the following (Two examples for each)

Mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of Radio active iodine.

Explain the pharmacological basis for using diuretics in hypertension with an example. Mention two antihypertensives used in pregnancy.

Choose the appropriate drug and Justify Diazepam/ Phenobarbitone as Hypnotic.

Antioestrogens with two examples

Choose the appropriate drug and Justify Colchicine/Allopurinol in Acute Gout

Write two uses and two adverse effects of Trihexyphenidyl /Levodopa in Drug induced parkinsonism.

Drugs to treat Constipation with two examples

Drugs used in productive cough

Verapamil/Nifedipine in supra ventricular arrhythmias

Choose the appropriate drug and Justify Salbutamol/Salmeterol in acute attack of bronchial asthma

Choose the appropriate drug and Justify Methotrexate / Cisplatin in choriocarcinoma

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors used to treat glaucoma with two examples

Choose the appropriate drug and Justify Folic acid/ Folinic acid to treat Methotrexate toxicity

Choose the appropriate drug and Justify Oxytocin/Methylergometrine to induce Labour

Choose the appropriate drug and Justify Conventional Amphotericin B/ Liposomal Amphotericin B in Visceral leishmaniasis.

Choose the appropriate drug and Justify Glycopyrrolate/Atropine as a Pre anaesthetic medication

Topical preparations for Scabies

Drugs used in Absence seizures with two examples

Nasal decongestants with two examples

Choose the appropriate drug and Justify Folic acid/Folinic acid with methotrexate

Choose the appropriate drug and Justify Phenobarbitone / Carbamazepine in treatment of Trigeminal neuralgia

Choose the appropriate drug and Justify Combined pill/Mini pill as oral contraception

Choose the appropriate drug and Justify Physostigmine / Neostigmine in glaucoma management

Immuno stimulants with two examples

Choose the appropriate drug and Justify Ranitidine/cimetidine is used in Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)

Choose the appropriate drug and Justify Dopamine/Dobutamine in congestive heart failure

Drugs used for treatment of Filariasis with two examples

Choose the appropriate drug and Justify Domperidone/Metoclopramide as antiemetic in paediatric population

Choose the appropriate drug and Justify Timolol/Propranolol in glaucoma

An Ectoparasiticide which induce CYP isoenzymes and produce cardiac arrhythmias is a. Permethrin b. Sulfur c. Crotamiton d. Lindane

Oxytocin/Methylergometrine for induction of labour Name the following (Two examples for each)

Choose the appropriate drug and Justify Frusemide/Hydrochlorothiazide as antihypertensive

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors with two examples

Choose the appropriate drug and Justify Spironolactone/ Amiloride in lithium induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

Choose the appropriate drug and Justify Combined oral contraceptive pill/ mini pill (progesterone only pill) in a lactating mother

Skeletal muscle relaxants

Anti-herpes virus drugs

Contra indications and drug interactions of oral contraceptive pills.

Mention four prostaglandin analogs and their respective clinical indications

Prokinetic agents with two examples

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors with two examples

Centrally acting alpha-2 receptor agonists.

Cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor

Drugs for Scabies two examples

Two examples for Antiplatelet drugs

Drugs for urinary tract infection

Drugs for Hypertensive emergencies with two examples

Long acting Insulin analogues

Bronchodilator with two examples

Drugs for herpes simplex

Name the Antiemetics with two examples for each

Low molecular weight heparin with two examples

Laxatives with two examples

Topical nasal decongestants with two examples

Drugs used for Lepra reaction

Two examples for Parenteral preparations of Iron

Which of the following type of Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine is used for prevention of cervical cancers in female a. Bivalent vaccine (HPV2) b. Quadrivalent vaccine (HPV4) c. Pentavalent vaccine (HPV5) d. 9 valent vaccine (HPV9)

Anti Hepatitis B viral drugs

Name the Oral direct factor Xa inhibitors with two examples for each

Drugs used in Rheumatoid arthritis with two examples

Peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor with two examples

Tocolytics

Drugs used in Alzheimer’s disease

Anticancer antibiotics

Enumerate insulin analogues and tabulate their pharmacokinetic characteristics.

Enumerate four objectives of preanesthetic medications along with the drugs used for achieving the same

Non benzodiazepine hypnotics with two examples

Drugs used for osteoporosis with two examples

Microsomal enzyme inhibitors

Cytokine inhibitors with two examples

Two examples for Mucolytic agents

Antidote for iron poisoning

Drugs having high first pass metabolism with two examples

Water soluble vitamins

Drugs for pneumocystis carini infection

Drugs used to treat Bipolar illness with two examples

Drugs used to treat Alzheimer’s disease with two examples

Name the Immunosuppressants with two examples for each

Non-Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) with two examples

Antileprotic drugs with two examples

Immunomodulators with two examples

Atypical neuroleptics with two examples

Drugs for treating Lepra reaction with two examples

Drugs used in inflammatory bowel disease

Two examples for Nasal decongestants

The following anti-epileptic can also be used in the management of obesity a. Valproate b. Lamotrigine c. Lacosamide d. Topiramate

Triazole antifungal drugs

Name the Mast cell stabilizers with two examples for each

Drugs used to treat Vertigo with two examples

Fibrates with two examples

Antipsychotic agents

Stimulant purgatives

Discuss the role of empathy in patient care.

Describe the role of autonomy, beneficence and justice as guiding principles in patient care.

COMT inhibitors with two examples

Drugs for treating Lead poisoning with two examples

Cardioselective beta blockers with two examples

Xanthine oxidase inhibitors

Non systemic antacids with two examples

Two examples for Drugs for absence seizures

Post-exposure prophylaxis in HIV infection with two examples

Drugs used in bipolar disorder with two examples

Aminoglycoside antibiotics with two examples

Drugs given for constipation with two examples

Anti-progestins

Drugs administered transdermally with two examples

Osmotic diuretics with two examples

Name the H2 Antihistamines with two examples for each

Pre anaesthetic medications with two examples