Biochemistry Previous Year Question Papers

The following points about microfilaments are true except a) They form cytoskeleton with microtubules b) They form intracellular conducting channels c) They provide support and shape d) They are involved in muscle cell contraction

On boiling Benedict's solution is not reduced by a) Fructose b) Lactose c) Maltose d) Sucrose

Glycogen synthase is highly active under the conditions of a. Excess glycogen stores b. Starvation c. High-fat feeding d. High carbohydrate feeding

A constitutive enzyme is: a) Activated by an inducer b) Inhibited by a repressor c) Always present in the cell in the same concentration d) A constituent of the cell membrane

The glycosaminoglycan that serves as an anticoagulant: a) Heparin b) Hyaluronic acid c) Chondroitin sulfate d) Dermatan sulfate

Acute pancreatitis may be diagnosed by estimating serum levels of the enzyme a) Acid phosphatase b) Alanine transaminase c) Amylase d) Alkaline phosphatase

Molecular weight of human albumin is about a) 156,000 b) 90,000 c) 69,000 d) 54,000

Mitochondrial DNA is a) Circular double stranded b) Circular single stranded c) Linear double helix d) None of these

Two sugars which differ from one another only in configuration around a single carbon atom are termed a) Epimers b) Anomers c) Optical isomers d) Stereoisomers

Uses of the NADPH generated from the pentose phosphate pathway are all except a. Steroid synthesis b. Regeneration of glutathione to its reduced state c. Synthesis of fatty acids d. Synthesis of ketone bodies

Insulin favors: a) Gluconeogenesis b) Cholesterol Synthesis c) Lipogenesis d) Ketogenesis

A vitamin not available from plant source: a. Vitamin B1 b. Vitamin B12 c. Vitamin B2 d. Vitamin K

The coenzyme not involved in hydrogen transfer: a) FMN b) FAD c) NADP+ d) FHA

All the following coenzymes are involved in pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction except a) Flavine Adenine Dinucleotide b) Thiamine Pyrophosphate c) Biotin d) Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

The first amino acid incorporated in a polypeptide in a ribosome of a bacterium is a) N formyl methionine b) Methionine c) Alanine d) Glycine

An amino acid that does not take part in a helix formation is a) Histidine b) Tyrosine c) Tryptophan d) Proline

Among the following, the most sensitive indicator of glomerular function is a) Serum Urea b) Serum Creatinine c) Urea Clearance d) Creatinine Clearance 1

Which of the following cofactor is not required by this enzyme to convert pyruvate to Acetyl co A a. Thiamine b. Lipoic acid c. Pantothenic acid d. Pyridoxine

Deficiency of Folic acid leads to: a) Pellagra b) Night Blindness c) Macrocytic Anemia d) Microcytic Anemia

Mac Ardle’s syndrome is due to deficiency of: a. Pyruvate kinase b. Glycogen synthase c. Muscle glycogen phosphorylase d. Debranching enzyme

Esterification of cholesterol occurs at carbon position: a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4

Which enzyme in glycolytic pathway is inhibited by fluoride ions a) Aldolase b) Enolase c) Hexokinase d) Phospho fructokinase

Which one of the following disorders is characterized by self-mutilated behavior? a) Gouty arthritis b) Psoriasis c) Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome d) Severe combined immunodeficiency

In urea synthesis, the amino acid functions solely as an enzyme activator a) Ornithine b) Citrulline c) N-acetyl glutamate d) Arginine

Which of the following metabolite integrates-glucose and fatty acid metabolism? a) Acetyl CoA b) Pyruvate c) Citrate d) Lactate

The heteropolysaccharide which does not contain uronic acid is a. Keratan sulphate b. Dermatan sulphate c. Chondroitin sulphate d. Hyaluronic acid

Which of the following enzyme generated NADPH? a. Pyruvate carboxylase b. Pyruvate dehydrogenase c. Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase d. Lactate dehydrogenase

Which of the following enzyme is inhibited in starvation? a. Alanine transferase b. Glucokinase c. Pyruvate carboxylase d. Carbonic anhydrase

In the feedback regulations, the end product binds at a. Active site b. Allosteric site c. E-S complex d. None of the above

Pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA by a) Lactate dehydrogenase b) Pyruvate dehydrogenase c) Pyruvate carboxylase d) Pyruvate kinase

Carnitine is synthesized from a) Lysine and methionine b) Glycine and arginine c) Aspartate and glutamate d) Proline and hydroxyproline

The amino acid which detoxicated benzoic acid to form hippuric acid is a) Alanine b) Glycine c) Serine d) Glutamic acid

Anaemia can occur due to the deficiency of all of the following except: a) Thiamine b) Pyridoxine c) Folic acid d) Cyanocobalamin

Omega = 3 fatty acid is a. Alpha linolenic acid b. Linoleic acid c. Gamma linolenic acid d. Arachidonic acid

Which of the following cannot be converted back to glucose? a. Acetyl CoA b. Lactate c. Alanine d. Propionyl CoA

Which of the following enzyme catalyzes substrate-level phosphorylation? a. Hexokinase b. Phosphofructokinase c. Glycogen phosphorylase d. Pyruvate kinase

Test employed to check the purity of butter through the estimation of volatile fatty acids is a. lodine number b. Reichert Meisel number c. Saponification number d. Acid number

The key enzyme of glycolysis is a) Phosphohexose isomerase b) Phosphofructokinase c) Glucose 6 phosphatase d) Glycolaldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase

One of the following vitamins is associated with purine synthesis a) Folate b) Biotin c) Pyridoxine d) Vitamin B12

The apolipoprotein which forms the integral component of chylomicron is a) B-48 b) C c) D d) B-100

Catalytic activity of salivary amylase requires the presence of a) Chloride ions b) Bromide ions c) lodide ions d) All of these

All the following statement are true with regard to phospholipids, except: a. They can act as antigens b. They have surfactant properties c. They are components of bio membranes d. They are resistant to the action of enzymes

The main apoprotein present in HDL is: a. Apo A1 b. B-100 c. B-48 d. Apo E

The serum lipoprotein with the highest cholesterol content is: a. High-density lipoprotein b. Low-density lipoprotein c. Very low-density lipoprotein d. Chylomicron

The coenzyme directly concerned with the synthesis of biogenic amines a. TPP b. NADP+ c. Biotin d. Pyridoxal phosphate

Nyctalopia is due to deficiency of a) Vitamin K b) Vitamin A c) Vitamin E d) Vitamin B12

The following nucleoside is used in the treatment of Orotic aciduria a) Thymidine b) Uridine c) Adenosine d) Guanosine

Plasma proteins act as a) Buffers b) Immunoglobulins c) Reserve proteins d) All of these

HMG CoA is formed in the metabolism of a) Cholesterol, ketones and Leucine b) Cholesterol, fatty acid and Leucine c) Lysine, Leucine and Isoleucine d) Ketones, Leucine and Lysine

Biochemical test required for assessing thiamine deficiency is a. FIGLU test b. Xanthurenic acid excretion c. RBC transketolase test d. Ferric chloride test

Which of the below mentioned compound has highest calorific value: a. Glucose b. Amino Acid c. Palmitic acid d. Ethanol

Which of the following is not included in calculating the calorie requirement of an individual? a. BMR b. RO. c.5DA d. Nature of work

Formiminoe glutamic acid is excreted in urine in the deficiency of Vitamin a. Riboflavin b. Folic acid c. Biotin d. Vit C

If the product is more toxic than original compound, which of the following toxin is used a) Conjugation b) Biotransformation c) Detoxification d) Bioactivation

Following all are anticancer drugs, except a) Cisplatin b) Actinomycin BD c) 6-Mercaptopurine d) Azithromycin

NH3 is removed from brain mainly by a) Creatinine formation b) Uric acid production c) Glutamine formation d) Urea formation

All the following statements correctly describe ketone bodies except: a) They may result from starvation b) They are present at high levels in uncontrolled diabetes c) They include — OH B-butyrate and acetone d) They are utilized by the liver during starvation

Calcitriol synthesis involves a. Liver and kidney b. Intestine and kidney c. Only liver d. Only intestine

Negative nitrogen balance is observed in: a. Pregnancy b. Growth period c. Chronic fever d. Convalescence

Lysine is deficient in: a. Cereals (rice and wheat) b. Maize and corn c. Pulses (Bengal gram dal) d. Tapioca (Cassava)

The enzyme that converts trypsinogen to trypsin is a. Secretin b. Chymotrypsin c. Elastase d. Enteropeptidase

Vitamin K is inhibited by a) Isoniazid (INH) b) Avidin c) Methotrexate d) Dicoumarol

The amino acids required for the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines are a) Glycine and Aspartate b) Aspartate and Glutamine c) Aspartate and Glutamate d) Glycine and Glutamate

Insulin is made up of a) A single polypeptide chain having 51 amino acid residues b) Asingle polypeptide chain having 84 amino acid residues c) A-chain having 21 and B-chain having 30 amino acid residues d) A-chain having 30 and B-chain having 21 amino acid residues. 1

Phrynoderma is a deficiency of a) Essential fatty acids b) Proteins c) Amino acids d) None of these

Requirement of vitamin E increases with the increasing intake of a. Calories b. Proteins c. PUFA d. Cholesterol

Large dose of Vitamin K in neonate can cause: a. Cyanosis b. Jaundice c. Skin Disorder d. Porphyria

The structure of vitamin A contains: a. Naphthoquinone ring b. Chromane ring c. Beta-ionone ring d. Thiazole ring

Active form of Vitamin D is a. Cholecalciferol b. Ergocalciferol c. Dehydrocholesteral d. Calcitriol

Which of the following enzymes are involved in detoxification a) Decarboxylases b) Cytochrome P450 enzymes c) Transaminases d) Dehydrogenases

The loss of DNA at the end chromosomes is prevented by the action of a) DNA ligase b) Telomerase c) DNA gyrase d) ONA polymerase

Gaucher's disease is due to a deficiency of the enzyme a) Sphingomyelinase b) Glucocerebrosidase c) Galactocerebrosidase d) B-Galactosidase

One of the following amino acid is most frequently found at the active site of several enzymes a. Glycine b. Leucine c. Serine d. Threonine

Heme is converted to bilirubin in: a. Mitochondria b. Microsomes c. Golgi Bodies d. Plasma Membrane

The following enzyme of heme biosynthesis is inhibited by lead: a. ALA dehydratase b. UBG | Synthase c. ALA synthase d. Coproporphyrinogen oxidase

Inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to a. H+ b. K+ c. OH- d. All of them

Which of the vitamins listed has no antioxidant property a) Vitamin E b) Vitamin A c) Vitamin C d) Vitamin K

Increased gastric HCI secretion is found in a) Zollinger-Ellison syndrome b) Gastric carcinoma c) Pernicious anemia d) Gastritis

Serum lactate dehydrogenase rises in a) Viral hepatitis b) Myocardial infarction c) Carcinomatosis d) All of these

In normal condition which LDH isoenzyme is predominantly found in serum a. LDH-1 b. LDH-2 c. LDH-3 d. LDH-4

The organelle concerned with free radical scavenging is: a. Lysosome b. Golgi Bodies c. Nucleolus d. Peroxisomes

Which of the following processes makes use of free radicals? a. Cell adhesion b. Phagocytosis c. Contact inhibition d. Pinocytosis

The number of heme groups present in myoglobin a. 1 b. 2 с. 3 d. 4

Which is the enzyme specially involved in ossification of bone a) Hexokinase b) ATPase c) Alkaline phosphatase d) Acid phosphatase

Calcitriol acts synergistically with the following hormone on bone a) Calcitonin b) Epinephrine c) Parathyroid hormone (PTH) d) Insulin

All are Amino acid-derived hormones except: a) Thiamine b) Epinephrine c) Testosterone d) Nor-epinephrine

Both folic acid and vitamin B12 are required in a) Deamination of serine b) Deamination of threonine c) Conversion of pyridoxal phosphate to pyridoxamine phosphate d) Methylation of homocysteine to methionine

High levels of lead can affect heme metabolism by combining with 5H groups of which out of the following enzymes a. ALA synthase b. ALA dehydratase c. PBG deaminase d. Coproporphyrinogen oxidase

Refsum's disease is due to accumulation of: a) Sphingomyelin b) Glucocerebraside c) Phytanic Acid d) Ganglioside

Hypercholesterolemia.js seen in the following conditions except: a. Diabetes mellitus b. Hyperthyroidism c. Nephrotic syndrome d. Obstructive jaundice

Vandenbergh reaction in hemolytic jaundice is a. Indirect positive b. Direct positive c. Biphasic d. None of these

Which disease is associated with conjugated hyper bilirubinemia a) Dubin Johnson syndrome b) Congenital spherocytosis c) Gilbert disease d) Crigler Najjar syndrome

Vanden Bergh reaction is indirect positive in which jaundice? a) Hepatocellular b) Hemolytic c) Obstructive d) All of the above

Niacin can be synthesized in human beings from a) Histidine b) Tryptophan c) Phenylalanine d) Tyrosine

The vitamin required for the formation of hydroxyproline during collagen synthesis is a) Vitamin C b) Vitamin A c) Vitamin D d) Vitamin E

The highest level of protein structure seen in myoglobin is a. Primary b. Secondary c. Tertiary d. Quaternary

The tissue that cannot use fatty acids as fuel is: a) Liver b) Brain c) Skeletal Muscle d) Cardiac muscle

The chain elongation of fatty acid takes place in: a. Mitochondria b. Microsomes c. Golgi complex. d. Peroxisome

The substance that facilitates the release of O, from oxyhemoglobin a. 2,3, BPG b. H+ c. Cl d. All of them

Which of the following diseases are not attributed to free radical injury a) Cataract b) Reperfusion injury c) Retrolental fibroplasia d) Hypothyroidism

Which one of the following vitamins acts as a cell scavenger? a) Vitamin E b) Vitamin D c) Vitamin A d) Vitamin K

In mammalian cells, ribosomal RNA is produced mainly in the a) Nucleolus b) Nucleus c) Ribosome F d) Golgi apparatus

The most potent Vitamin D metabolite is a) 25-hydroxycholecalciferol b) 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol c) 24, 25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol d) 7-Dehydracholesterol

Specific Dynamic Action (SDA) is highest for a. Carbohydrates b. Proteins c. Lipids d. Mixed diet

Which of the following is Phase 3 reaction-of Detoxification: a) Epoxidation b) Glucuronidation c) Deconjugation d) Dealkylation

The following are the features of starvation except: a. Ketoacidosis b. Glycogenolysis c. Increase in BMR d. Gluconeogenesis

In anormal adult man, the amount of triacylglycerol stored is a. 40 kg b. 35 kg c.25 kg d.15 kg

Ketone bodies in urine are identified by a) Heat and acetic acid b) Benedicts test c) Rothera’s test d) Benzidine test

Dietary requirement of thiamine increases with a higher intake of a) Carbohydrates b) Proteins c) Cholesterol d) Lipids

A characteristic pheochromocytoma is elevated urinary excretion of a) Dopamine b) Tyrosine c) Phenylalanine d) Vanillylmandelic acid

An example of feedback inhibition is a) Allosteric inhibition of hexokinase by glucose-6-phosphate b) Cyanide action on cytochrome c) Sulpha drug on folic acid synthesizer bacteria d) Reaction between succinic dehydrogenase and succinic acid

Which of the following supplies the 2 carbon units that are added to the elongation of fatty acid chain a. Acetyl coA b. Malonyl co A c. B- keto acyl coA d. Glucose

The pathway which takes place in mitochondria is: a) Glycolysis b) HMP pathway c) Ketogenesis d) Cholesterol synthesis

Specific gravity of urine is increased in: a. Chronic glomerulonephritis b. Diabetes mellitus c. Liver disease d. Intake of vegetables

Foodstuff with the highest specific dynamic action is a. Protein b. Carbohydrate c. Fat d. Vitamins

Heme contains a) Sodium b) Magnesium c) Calcium d) Iron

Keshan disease occurs due to the deficiency of a) Selenium b) Chromium c) Cobalt d) Manganese

Zinc is a constituent of the enzyme a) Succinate dehydrogenase b) Mitochondrial superoxide dismutase c) Carbonic anhydrase d) Aldolase

‘Clearing factor’ is a) Lipoprotein lipase b) Crotonase c) 7-dehydro cholesterol d) B-sitosterol

A 75 year old female is seen in the emergency room with fractured arm. Physical examination reveals multiple bruises, perifollicular hemorrhages and bleeding gums. Laboratory result indicates micracytic hypochromic anemia. Which of the following enzymes should be less active than the normal in this patient A. Glutathione peroxidase B. Prolyl hydroxylase C. Gamma Glutamyl transferase D. ALA synthase

Steroid hormone is produced from: a) Purine b) Pyrimidine c) Cholesterol d) Stercobilinogen

Beta oxidation of fatty acid forms-all the following except: a. NADH b. Acetyl CoA c. Malonyl CoA d. FADH2

The final common pathway for oxidation of major foodstuff is a. Glycolysis b. Kreb's cycle c. HMP shunt d. B-oxidation

The pathway which taken place in the Mitochondria is a) Ketogenesis b) Glycolysis c) Cholesterol synthesis d) HMP shunt pathway

Niacin can be synthesized from the following-amino acid a) Histidine b) Tryptophan c) Tyrosine d) Threonine

Which of the following statements about Menke's disease are true a) It is an inherited disorder of copper metabolism b) Plasma copper is increased in it c) It occurs only in males d) Hair becomes steely and kinky in it

Acetyl CoA carboxylase is activated by a) Citrate b) Insulin c) Both A&B d) None of these

A weight loss advertisement claims that drug causes your body to burn calories without the need of exercise. Which of the following compounds could make this claim a. Barbiturates b. Antimycin c. Dinitrophenol d. BAL

Renal plasma flow is measured by: a) Creatinine Clearance b) Specific gravity of urine c) Para amino Hippurate clearance d) Urine output

Congenital erythropoietic porphyria is caused due to deficiency of: a. Coproporphyrinogen oxidase b. Uroporphyrinogen III cosynthase c. PBG deaminase d. Protoporphyrinogen oxidase

One of the following is the most important essential fatty acid in the diet a. Linoleic acid b. Arachidonic acid c. Oleic acid d. Palmitic acid

Fatty liver may be prevented by the following except a) Lecithin b) Ethanol c) Choline d) Erythrocytes

Which one of the following trace element deficiencies causes loss of taste sensation? a) Copper b) Iron c) Zine d) Selenium

Meningitis and encephalitis cause a) Respiratory alkalosis b) Metabolic alkalosis c) Metabolic acidosis d) Respiratory acidosis

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is induced by a) 6-Phosphogluconolactone b) Glucose-6-phosphate c) Ribose-5-phosphate d) Insulin

Which of the following Apo proteins is an activator of lipoprotein lipase a. Apo A b. Apo B c. Apo Cll d. Apo D

Which of the following amino acid can give rise to a vitamin a. Thyptophan b. Proline c. Histidine d. Phenylalanine

Which amino acid does not undergo transamination a. Lysine b. Serine c. Glutamate d. Valine

The two nitrogen atoms of urea are delivered from a. Ammonia and arginine b. Ammonia and aspartate c. Ammonia and alanine d. Ammonia and creatinine

The amino acid which does not allow formation of alpha helix is a. Glutamate b. Glycine c. Aspartic acid d. Proline

Driving Denove synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotide which nucleotide is first synthesized a. IMP b. CMP c. UMP d. CMP

The drug of choice for treating primary gout is: a. Allopurinol b. Aspirin c. Tetracycline d. Colchicine

The daily requirement of iron in adult is a. 10-20 microgram b. 10-20 gram c. 0.1-0.5 mg

Hyperparathyroidism is characterized by all the following except: a. Osteaporosis b. Hypercalciuria c. Alkalosis

DNA finger printing is based on unique a. Tandam repeats b. Blood group c. Mutagens d. Coding sequence

Which is not a transcription initiation signal? a. CAAT box b. Hogness box c. Pribnow box d. Homeo box

Nucleosome is a. Alternate name for nucleolus b. Promoter sequence for transcription c. DNA-RNA complex present in nucleus d. DNA wrapped around histones

Causes of metabolic alkalosis includes all the following except: a. Continuous gastric aspiration b. Ingestion of antacids c. Prolonged vomiting d. Hyperventilation

Which of the following is not a contractile protein? a. Tubulin b. Actin c. BDesmosine d. Dynen

Alpha fetoprotein level is increased in-serum in a. Hepatoma b. Hyperthyroidism c. Nephritis d. Urinary tract infection

The following compounds can act as secondary messenger except: a. Calcium ions b. Inositol triphosphate c. ATP

ATP synthase is a marker enzyme present in a. Golgi complex b. Cytoplasm c. Mitochondria d. Lysosome

Peroxisomes are a. Site of oxidative phosphorylation b. Site of protein synthesis c. Concerned with drug detoxification d. Involved in production of free radicals

Oncogenes are activated by all, except: a. Viral infection b. Promoter insertion c. Mutation in proto oncogene d. Reverse transcriptase

Proximal Renal tubular acidosis is characterized by all except: a. Anemia b. Urinary pH 4,5 c. Normal anion gap acidosis d. Hyperchloremia

Define BMR. What is its normal value? What are the factors affecting BMR?

Explain the transport mechanisms across the cell membrane.

What is the normal blood pH? Describe the regulatory mechanisms of blood pH. Explain about renal regulation of blood pH. Add a note on the anion gap.

A 30-year-old man, a Strict vegetarian who does not consume even dairy products, came to the hospital with complaints of weakness, pallor, loss of sensation in the extremities, and mental confusion. On investigation, his Hb levels were found to be 7g/dl. His blood picture showed large abnormal and immature RBC. On urine examination, large amounts of methylmalonic acid a) What is your probable diagnosis? And interpret the case. b) What are the deficiency manifestations of Vitamin B12? And explain them. c) Write about absorption and transport of Vitamin B12? d) What are the biochemical functions of VitB12? e) Add a note on the metabolic link between VitB12 and folic acid.

Write the sources, RDA, absorption, transport, biochemical functions and deficiency manifestations of calcium. Add a note.on the regulation of plasma calcium levels.

A 10-year-old girl at neurology OP presented with a recent history of generalized fits and pellagra-like skin rashes for the past 2 years. She also has a H/o psychotic behavior and difficulty in walking for the past 6 months. Chromatography of urine revealed that excretion of tryptophan and other neutral amino acids. In serum also, low levels of these amino acids were observed. In urine, by doing Obermeyer test, indicant products were identified. a) What is your probable diagnosis? Interpret the case. b) Describe the metabolic pathway of tryptophan. c) Name the biologically important substances produced from tryptophan. d) Write briefly on the biological role of serotonin and melatonin.

A 50-year-old male attended the casualty department with complaints of chest pain, fatigue, and uneasiness in daily activities. On laboratory examination, the total cholesterol was 293 mg/dl, LDL cholesterol - 160 mg/dl, and his triglycerides were 300mg/dl.

A 33-year-old child was brought to the-hospital by the parent with the complaint of the child's diapers becoming black. Answer the following: a) What is your probable diagnosis? b) Which metabolic pathway is affected? c) What is the biochemical cause behind the black diapers? d) What are the important compounds derived from tyrosine?

A 35-year-old male attended the emergency department with complaints of nausea, vomiting, and headache for the past week and also he complained that for the last 15 days, he has been feeling very tired. His blood pH is 7.35 and HCOs is 22 meq/I. (This section is incomplete in the image. It cuts off mid- sentence.) What is the normal blood pH? Enlist various buffers of body fluids. Explain the role of plasma buffers and renal mechanisms in the maintenance of acid-base balance.

Polymerase chain reaction: a) What is the principle of PCR? b) Write about types of PCR and their uses. c) Describe the technique of PCR. d) Write about the applications of PCR.

Write in detail about the types, characteristics, and metabolism of lipoproteins. Add a note on lipoprotein disorders. Describe the chemistry, biochemical functions, daily requirements, sources, and deficiency manifestations of Vitamin A.

Classify hormones? Describe the mechanism of action of group 1 hormones.

Write about the glycemic index and its significance.

Describe the types of PEM (Protein Energy Malnutrition).

Write about the composition and functions of the extracellular matrix.

Explain the specificity of an enzyme with examples.

Describe the steps of PCR and its applications.

Describe the diagnostic importance of serum enzymes in various diseases.

4 three-month-old baby was brought to the hospital with the complaint of the child's diaper becoming black. a) What is your probable diagnosis? b) What is the biochemical cause for the blackening of diapers? c) Write about the metabolism of Tyrosine.

Write about the synthesis and functions of catecholamines.

Describe the electron transport chain. Add a note on inhibitors of ETC.

Define immunity. Describe the types of immunity and add a note on acquired immunity.

Explain detoxification by conjugation with four examples.

Define and describe different types of mutations.

HMP shunt and its significance.

What is a vaccine? Write about types of vaccines with their advantages and disadvantages.

Enumerate the types of polysaccharides and their functions.

Write about the formation and absorption of amino acids.

Classify hormones based on their mechanism of action.

What are isoenzymes? Write about cardiac isoenzymes.

Carcinogenic agents.

Sucrose intolerance.

Define and describe the different types of mutations with examples.

Write about the mechanisms of amino acid absorption.

A 50-year-old alcoholic man came to the hospital with complaints of excruciating pain in his great toe. What is your diagnosis? Enumerate the primary and secondary causes of the disease. What is the drug of choice for this condition?

Enumerate the types of Heteropolysaccharides and write their biochemical significance.

A 55-year-old man was brought to the hospital with severe abdominal pain. The patient was in a state of shock. On examination, his abdomen was distended and both femoral pulses were obliterated. After laparotomy, the condition was identified as a ruptured abdominal, aortic aneurysm. The laboratory investigations were as follows: Blood pH: 7.0, plasma HCO3 8 mEq/L, pCO2 25 mmHg, pO2 90 mmHg, Anion gap 24 mEq/L. Interpret the data and discuss the case.

Write about sources, RDA functions, and regulation of Calcium in our body.

What are enzymes involved in biological oxidation? Explain their functions with examples.

Functions of Plasma Proteins.

What are antioxidants? Give two examples of: Antioxidant enzymes Antioxidant vitamins Antioxidant minerals

Describe the absorption and functions of magnesium in the body.

4 40-year-old obese woman presented to the medical OPD with a complaint of right upper abdominal pain, mild fever, loss of appetite, and generalized itching. Furthermore, she gave a history of frothy clay-colored stool and high- colored urine. Her lab data is as follows: Total bilirubin - 12 mg%, Direct bilirubin - 10 mg%, Indirect bilirubin - 2 mg%, SGPT - 3 IU/L, SGOT - SO IU/L, ALP - 350 IU/L. a) What is the probable diagnosis? b) How do you differentiate jaundice based on Vanderberg's reaction?

Enumerate the tumor markers and their role in cancer diagnosis.

Describe the uronic acid pathway and its clinical significance.

Write in detail about ETC. Add a note on.its inhibition and uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation.

Write about the de novo synthesis of purine nucleotides.

What is clearance? What are the different types of clearance tests you know, and write their importance?

Enumerate the steps of Uric acid synthesis and add a note on its clinical importance.

Metabolic changes in starvation.

Carcinogens.

What are the factors affecting enzyme activity? Add a note on competitive inhibition.

Write about the vesicular transport across the cell membrane.

Describe the metabolic adaptations during starvation.

Describe transcription of MRNA in Prokaryotes and add a note on post- transcriptional modifications.

Describe the tests to assess glomerular function.

What is clearance? What are the different types of clearance tests you know and their significance?

Describe globulins with their functions.

Write about the biochemical effects of reactive oxygen species.

Describe the structure and functions of collagen.

Write about the sources and generation of reactive oxygen species.

PCR and its applications.

Describe the steps of heme synthesis. Add a note on AIP (Acute Intermittent Porphyria).

Functions of Zinc.

What are isoenzymes? Describe the clinical significance of cardiac isoenzymes.

A 25-year-old man develops shortness of breath. Genetic testing reveals α1-antitrypsin deficiency.

Laboratory investigation of a 52-year-old man reveals his random blood glucose 100 mg/dl and urine glucose 1.5%

A 1-year-old female infant was brought to the OPD with complaints of weakness, lethargy and decreased growth. On examination she was anemic, and urine contained elevated levels of orotic acid

An adult lady came to OPD with complaints of fever and abdominal pain (right hypochondrial region) since 3 days. Patients gives history of passing high colored urine with normal color of stools. On examination, yellowish discoloration of skin and sclera are noticed.

A 2-year-old child presents with developmental delay, seizures, and a “mousy odor” of urine. Laboratory shows elevated phenylalanine.

A 12-year-old child presents to a Pediatrician with complaints of thick mucus secretions, repeated lung infections, fatty stools, and decreased weight for his age. The pediatrician suspects cystic fibrosis.

A 10-year-old girl is brought by her parents to the family doctor. She has many freckles on her face, neck arms and hands. Parents reported she is unusually sensitive to sunlight. Two basal cell carcinomas are also identified on her face.

A 25-year-old went for trekking and he developed headache, dizziness, breathing difficulty sometime after reaching the peak. ABG data is as follows. Blood pH – 7.54, pCO2 – 20 mm Hg, plasma bicarbonate– 26 mEq/L

A 2-year-old child presents with recurrent severe infections. Laboratory investigations shows lymphopenia and ↑ dATP levels.

Diagnosis of congestive cardiac failure was made in a 65-year-old man. He was prescribed digoxin.

A 2-week-old infant is diagnosed with an urea cycle defect. Enzymatic analysis showed no activity for Ornithine transcarbamoylase. Molecular analysis revealed that the mRNA product of the gene for OTC was identical to that of a control

A 16-year-old lady came with history of imbalance while walking, weakness in both lower limbs since 5 months. She has difficulty in combing hair and buttoning clothes. On examination, she had ataxic gait.

A 3-year-old child presents with immunodeficiency and increased sensitivity to UV radiation associated with defective DNA repair.

A 10-year-old child presents to a Pediatrician with yellowish discoloration of teeth. The pediatrician suspects fluorosis.

A 40-year old female presented to the clinic with lump in right breast. A mammogram performed revealed a breast mass with numerous macrocalcifications suggestive of breast cancer.

A 5-year-old boy residing at kolar came to dentist with complaints of yellowish discoloration of teeth. On examination dentist observed mottling and stratification of teeth.

A researcher measures mRNA levels using RT-PCR.

A 52-year-old known diabetic gets his electrolytes checked in a lab.

A 50-year-old man presented with painful blisters on the backs of his hands. He was a golf instructor and indicated that the blisters had erupted shortly after the golfing season began.The patient’s urine was reddish orange. A 24-hour urine collection showed elevated uroporphyrin

7-month-old child was brought to the OPD with failure to thrive and bilateral opacities in the eye. On examination the child was found to have bilateral cataract, hepatomegaly and mental retardation

A 45-year-old man presents with liver enlargement. Blood tests show elevated AFP levels

A man doing a moderate amount of work and weighing 55kg approaches you to know his daily energy requirement.

An adolescent girl presents with subluxation of lens and mental retardation. On examination she is tall and thin with elongated limbs. Mild scoliosis was present with pectus excavatum and genu valgum. One of her sisters had similar complaints.

A 40-year-old person came with complaints of weight loss inspite of repeated eating, increased frequency of urination and recurrent infections. Provisional diagnosis of Diabetes mellitus is made.

A 25-year-old woman presents with abdominal pain, vomiting and neuropathy. Urine appears dark red on standing.

A chronic alcoholic is brought to the hospital with impaired speech.

A 32-year old woman presented to surgery OPD with complaints of pain abdomen with irregular menstrual cycles. She also had history of sudden weight loss. Ultrasound abdomen shows mass in the ovaries. She was diagnosed to have carcinoma of ovaries.

A 14-year-old boy came with complaints of generalized weakness, epileptic seizures and abdominal pain. On examination was found to have hepatomegaly and Kayser Fleischer ring around cornea.

A patient presents with pallor and jaundice. Laboratory investigations show elevated indirect bilirubin and LDH, with low haptoglobin.

A 22-year-old female is diagnosed with Pulmonary Tuberculosis and is prescribed anti- tubercular treatment, and INH is one of its components.

A first year MBBS student after her biochemistry free radicals lecture class decided to include Aqueous phase antioxidant in her daily diet.

A 7-month-old child fell while crawling and presented with swollen leg. X-ray of affected leg showed fracture of femur. The bones were found to be thin. Past history revealed that by then child has had multiple fractures.

55-year-old Diabetic patient has persistent microalbuminuria. eGFR is 82mL/min/1.73 m2

A 10-year-old boy is diagnosed with Osteogenesis imperfecta.

A 55-year old female presented to dermatology OPD with complaints of swelling of lips, rashes all over the body and facial puffiness. She gives history of having food from outside the previous night. She was diagnosed to have Urticaria. She was advised for serum investigations. 26 26

A young boy met with a road traffic accident and lost the lot of blood due to injury. Renin angiotensin system plays a major role in the maintenance of fluid balance.

A patient potassium level is 6.8 mg/dL; however values are not correlating clinically.

Autopsy of a 2-year-old child reveals accumulation of glycogen in lysosomes of hepatocytes, heart and muscle

A person came with a complaint of wrong results of his blood sugar level. The technologist approached consultant biochemist for the same.

A 8 month old girl was brought to the clinic in an irritable state. Weight was much lower than expected, mid arm circumference was low for age. The mother had stopped breast feeding at the age of 5 months and was now giving diluted formula milk. There was no evidence of swelling or abdominal distension.

Lesch – nyhan syndrome.

Antioxidants

Beri - Beri.

Von Gierke’s disease

Detoxification by conjugation

Multiple response type questions. Read the statements and mark the answers appropriately.

Gene Therapy.

Cori’s Cycle

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

Post translational modifications

Inhibitors of electron transport chain.

Micelles.

Name two tumour markers with associated clinical condition.

Enzyme defect in orotic aciduria

FIGLU excretion test

Name the essential fatty acids.

Maple syrup urine disease is an inborn error in metabolism of a) Sulphur-containing amino acids b) Aromatic amino acids c) Branched chain amino acids d) Dicarboxylic amino acids

Metabolic acidosis

Discuss the biochemical alterations seen in blood and urine in different types of jaundice.

Define oxidative phosphorylation. Explain the chemiosmotic theory.

There are two statements marked as-Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Mark your answer as per the options provided

Recombinant DNA technology and its applications.

Functions of phospholipids

Define metabolic acidosis. What are the characteristic features and causes of metabolic acidosis. Mention the compensatory mechanisms.

Absorption, Storage and transport of iron.

Post transcriptional modifications.

Reverse cholesterol transport

Hemopexin carries a) Free hemoglobin b) Free heme c) Free bilirubin d) Free iron

Name the inhibitors of electron transport chain and state at what level they act.

Fluid mosaic model

Mitochondria

Hyperkalemia

Hartnup’s disease.

Salvage pathway

Galactosemia.

Dietary fiber

Kwashiorkor

Essential pentosuria

Applications of recombinant DNA technology.

Homocystinuria

Folate trap

Applications of PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

Differentiate between active and passive immunity.

Biologically Important peptides

Endoplasmic reticulum.

Anion gap

Collagen

Isoenzymes as Cardiac Markers

Cardiac markers

Why sucrose is a non reducing sugar

Biochemical functions of selenium

Alkaptonuria.

Enzyme defect in Tay Sach’s disease.

Enzyme defect in alkaptonuria

Name any two vectors used in gene therapy.

Renal glycosuria

Coenzyme form of biotin

Southern blotting

Name two post translational modifications.

Give an example for substrate level phosphorylation

Name two antioxidants

Name any two zinc containing enzymes

Enzyme deficient in Galactosemia

Name two conditions caused by defective DNA repair.

Name the neuro transmitters formed from tryptophan

Name two compounds formed from Glycine.

Name the aromatic amino acids

Name ketone bodies

Bence – Jones proteins

Normal value of total serum protein

Describe the metabolism of Tryptophan. Enumerate the specialized compounds formed from tryptophan and write their biomedical importance (OR) Mention the symptoms of Phenylketonuria. Discuss the tests used for diagnosis of Phenylketonuria. Enumerate the specialized compounds formed from tyrosine and write their biomedical importance

A 68-year-old man, known diabetic for the past 20 years was brought to the emergency in a disoriented state. Relatives informed that he had fever for the last few days and skipped his regular doses of insulin. On examination he had rapid pulse and rapid deep breathing. Laboratory results as follows: pH: 7.2, HCO3-: 12 meq/L, PCO2:35mm of Hg, Na+:135meq/L, K+:4.9meq/L,Cl-: 101meq/L a) What is the most likely acid base disorder in this patient b) Calculate anion gap and comments c) Interpret the given laboratory parametres and give their reference interval d) Enumerate the causes for this type of acid base imbalance e) Describe the role of lungs and kidney in maintaining normal plasma pH

What are the components of a lipid profile? Mention their normal reference range. Describe the metabolism of Lipoproteins in detail

Explain the active form, activation, biochemical functions, RDA and deficiency manifestations of vitamin D.

Explain the pathways by which glycogen is synthesized and broken down in the body. Describe how these pathways are regulated

A 45-year-old male patient reported to orthopedics outpatient department on Monday morning with pain and swelling of first metatarsophalangeal joint of right foot. He had consumed alcoholic drinks heavily on Saturday night. On examination the first metatarsophalangeal joint of right foot was warm, swollen and tender. • What is your diagnosis • What are the causes of this disorder • What are the investigations to confirm this disorder • What are the biochemical basis of management of this condition.

35-year-old female, housewife, presented to the medicine department with excessive weakness, breathlessness and palpitations since 3 months. History revealed that she had complaints of excessive menstrual bleeding. She had followed strict vegetarian diet. Investigations revealed her hemoglobin was 7 gm/dl. a) What is the probable diagnosis b) Describe the sources, RDA, functions, absorption, transport and deficiency of the mineral involved c) Describe the biochemical investigations and blood picture relevant to this case

Describe in detail about citric acid cycle. Write briefly on energetics and regulation

What are ketone bodies. How are they formed in the body. Describe the role of ketone bodies in starvation and uncontrolled diabetes mellitus.

What is β oxidation. Describe the process of β oxidation of even chain fatty acids with energetics.

Describe the sources, RDA, functions and deficiency manifestations of ascorbic acid.

23-year-old female was brought to casualty with the complaints of dizziness, weakness and fainting attack. History revealed that she had skipped her breakfast and lunch with intention of losing weight. Random blood glucose was 40 mg/dl. All other investigations were normal. • What is the probable diagnosis • What is the normal blood glucose level • Describe the regulation of blood glucose. • Add a note on glucose tolerance test.

In pheochromocytoma, there is excess synthesis of a. Vanillyl mandelic acid b. Polyamines c. Hippuric acid d. Indole acetic acid

A 54-year-old man was admitted to emergency in a disoriented state. He had a feeble pulse, low blood pressure and sweetish odour of breath. Arterial blood gas analysis showed pH : 7.1, HCO3 :11 mmol/L, pCO2 : 38 mmHg. a) What is the most likely acid base disorder in this case b) Interpret the ABG findings and give the normal reference interval c) Give four causes for the above acid base disorder d) Enumerate the major buffer systems in the body e) Discuss the renal regulatory mechanisms of acid base balance

A 2-year-old child presented with liver enlargement and complaints of weakness, sweating and pallor which disappeared on eating food. Mother revealed that milestones were delayed. On investigation, blood glucose: 50 mg/dl, uric acid: 10 mg/dL, lactic acid: 15 mg/dL, cholesterol: 300 mg/dL, and presence of ketone bodies. a) What is the likely diagnosis b) Name the enzyme defect c) Discuss the pathways that lead to elevated levels of uric acid, lactic acid, and cholesterol d) Discuss the reason for liver enlargement e) Give the normal reference range for serum cholesterol and Fasting Blood glucose

A 45-year-old bank manager visits the OPD with increased frequency of urination (Polyuria), Increased thirst (Polydypsia) and increased hunger (Polyphagia). He also gives the history of weight loss. On general examination, there were no significant findings. The laboratory investigations were as follows: Answer the following questions using the above data: • What is the diagnosis. • Mention various methods for estimation of glucose • What are WHO criteria for diagnosis of this disorder • Why urine sugar was positive in this patient • Describe the various factors that regulate blood glucose level

Describe the process of eukaryotic translation. Add a note on post-translational modifications and inhibitors of translation.

A 42-year old obese lady presented with pain abdomen. She also complaints of passing clay coloured stool on examination there was yellowish discoloration of skin. • What is the diagnosis. • Describe the laboratory findings in hemolytic, hepatocellular and obstructive jaundice. • Van den Bergh reaction.

The amino acid found in protein structure a. Arginine b. Proline c. Histidine d. Lysine

What are biologically important compounds derived from tyrosine. Explain the catabolism of tyrosine and name three inborn errors associated with tyrosine metabolism.

Define enzyme inhibition. Explain the different types of enzyme inhibitions. Mention the significance of enzyme inhibitors.

Describe the metabolic fate and functions of Methionine and Cysteine. Add a note on the diseases associated

Describe the reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle. Explain the Amphibolic nature of this cycle. Add a note on its energetics.

A 2-year-old child presented with complaints of on and off vomiting and lethargy for past two months. On examination child had a massive liver enlargement. Blood investigation reports were as follows: Blood sugar: 50mg%, Uric acid:10mg%, lactic acid:15mg%, Total cholesterol:300mg%. Liver biopsy demonstrated the mosaic pattern of enlarged hepatocytes, exhibiting abundant clear cytoplasm containing glycogen and lipid vacuoles. a) What is the diagnosis b) Name other glycogen storage disorders c) Explain how glycogen is metabolized in the body d) Explain the hormonal regulation of glycogen metabolism

Explain the steps of Transcription in Eukaryotes with a note on inhibitors of transcription.

During urea cycle two nitrogen atoms are derived from a) Ammonia and arginine b) Ammonia and aspartic acid c) Both from Ammonia d) Ammonia and Ornithine

A man of 45 years of age is overweight with a sedentary lifestyle underwent an annual health checkup. Following are the details of the investigations. Answer the following questions using the above data: a) What is the probable diagnosis b) Mention the causes for the above condition c) Briefly describe chylomicron metabolism d) Briefly describe hyperlipidemia

A 70-year-old male presented to his family physician with yellow discoloration of sclera associated with epigastric pain and weight loss. Urine had become darker in color and his stools pale. A CT scan of the abdomen revealed a tumor in the pancreas. Investigations: Total Bilibrubin–4.2mg/dl; Direct Bilirubin–3.8mg/dl; ALP–510U/L; AST–80U/L; ALT-76U/L. Answer the following using the above data: • What is the probable diagnosis • Define and classify Jaundice • Which enzyme is specific for this type of jaundice and why • Explain the urinary findings • Why urine is dark in color and stools pale • Enumerate the causes of jaundice • List the laboratory investigations used to differentiate between the types of jaundice.

Explain bilirubin formation and excretion in detail. Describe the biochemical changes in hepato-cellular and obstructive jaundice.

Mother noticed that her child didn’t attain milestones for the age. Mother also noticed hypopigmentation and mousy odour a) Name the amino acid involved b) What is the diagnosis c) What is the metabolism of the amino acid. Mention the inborn errors associated with its metabolism. d) Enumerate the laboratory investigations aiding in the diagnosis. e) Name two specialized compounds formed from tyrosine and discuss their formation in brief

Explain in detail Phenylalanine metabolism with a note on inborn errors associated with and relevant biochemical investigations for them

A 40-year-old man is brought to the hospital in a comatose state. On examination, he was found to be dehydrated and toxic with a characteristic breathing pattern with sweet smell. He was admitted and investigated. Following are his lab investigations: RBS :380 mg/dl S. HCO3: 15 mEq/L S. Ketones: 80mg/dl pH: 7.25 www.FirstRanker Urinary Benedicts test: ++++ Urinary Rothera's test: Positive Answer the following: a) What is your diagnosis? b) What are the favourable points for your diagnosis? c) Explain the metabolism of Ketone Bodies? d) Write about the hormonal regulation of blood glucose. e) What are the differences between types of Diabetes Mellitus?

Describe the synthesis, biochemical functions, daily requirements, sources, and deficiency manifestation of vitamin D.

Explain the formation and disposal of Ammonia. Add a note on the urea cycle disorders

Explain the process of translation in eukaryotes. Add a note on inhibitors and post translational modifications

Describe protein biosynthesis in eukaryotes. Name two inhibitors of microbial protein synthesis.

42-year-old obese lady presented with intolerance to fatty foods and pain in right abdominal region. On examination, her eyes were yellowish; stools had clay-colored appearance. Her investigations revealed the following. Serum bilirubin -18 mg/dl Direct bilirubin-17 mg/dl AST-35 IU/L ALT-40 IU/L ALP-400 IU/L a) What is the probable diagnosis b) What is the normal serum Bilirubin level c) Describe the catabolism of Heme. d) What is the biochemical basis of clay colored stools e) What will be the probable urinary findings in this patient

A 50 years old man with 3 years history of hypertension and occasional panic attacks reported to hospital with episode of throbbing headache, associated with excessive sweating. He gave history of similar attacks earlier. On examination, his BP was 180/100 mm Hg and pulse was 82/min. urine examination revealed very high levels of 24 hrs VMA. • What is the probable diagnosis • Name the aromatic amino acids • Describe the biochemical basis of symptoms and urinary finding • Describe the synthesis of any two biochemically important compounds from the parent amino acid

Define gluconeogenesis. Name the substrates for gluconeogenesis. Trace the pathway of gluconeogenesis from pyruvate to glucose. Add a note on its regulation.

What are the types of fatty acid oxidation. Explain in detail the oxidation of palmitic acid and its regulation

Write in detail about oxidation of Glucose in the anerobic 6+2+2=10 conditions. Add a note on regulation and energetics.

Describe the chemistry, biochemical functions, requirements and deficiency symptoms of vitamin C

Name the aromatic amino acids. Discuss the metabolism of tyrosine and its related disorders.

Explain in detail the active forms, biochemical functions, RDA and deficiency manifestations of Vitamin A with a note on Wald’s Visual Cycle

What is the normal pH of blood. Describe in detail about the respiratory and renal regulation of blood pH and add a note on metabolic acidosis.

Describe the mitochondrial electron transport chain. What is substrate level phosphorylation. Give two examples.

Describe the formation and excretion of bilirubin. Explain the significance of serum bilirubin and urobilinogen in the diagnosis of various types of jaundice

A 45-year-old man complaints of increased appetite, thirst, and frequent micturition. His random blood sugar is 346 mg/dl • What is the diagnosis. What are the diagnostic criteria • Discuss the relevant investigations that can be done for further monitoring of the patient • How is blood glucose regulated • What is the renal threshold for Glucose

Write in detail about acid base balance

Describe the steps of Beta-Oxidation of Palmitic acid with energetics. Add a note on its regulation

Why uric acid tends to precipitate during the night time in peripheral joints and in alcohol consumption.

Give a detailed account of the transcription process. How is it regulated. Name inhibitors of transcription

a) Acidosis is associated with hyperkalemia. Give reason b) Alkalosis is associated with hypokalemia. Give reason

Describe purine catabolism.

Describe the reactions of urea cycle. Discuss the diagnostic significance of blood urea.

Write the definition, steps and inhibitors of transcription.

Definition, steps and inhibitors of translation

Write in detail about vitamin B12 - its sources, coenzymes, RDA, functions, metabolism and deficiency manifestations

Describe HMP Shunt pathway. Add a note on the significance of this pathway

Glycogenolysis and its regulation

Define enzyme. Classify with suitable examples. Discuss the various types of enzyme Inhibitions with clinical examples.

Acetylcholine can be synthesized from which amino acid: a. Tyrosine b. Serine c. Threonine d. Tryptophan

Describe the absorption, transport and storage of iron in the body. Explain the regulation of iron homeostasis. Enumerate the biochemical functions of iron. Add a note on disorders associated iron metabolism.

Discuss vitamin D under the following headings a) source b) daily requirements c) metabolism d) biochemical functions e) deficiency manifestations

Renal regulation of acid base balance

Define translation. Describe the steps of Translation. Add a note on its inhibitors.

Describe the classification and structural organization of lipoproteins? Write in detail about the transportation of lipids in the body. Add a note on disorders of lipoproteins.

Non protein amino acid is a. Ornithine b. Homocysteine c. Histamine d. All of them

Mention the major functions of HMP shunt pathway. Explain its importance in erythrocytes.

Ketone body metabolism.

Why Adenosine deaminase deficiency causes lymphocytopenia?

What are isoenzymes. Explain the clinical significance of the isoenzymes of CPK.

a) Define and classify enzymes giving one example each. b) Enumerate the factors affecting enzyme activity c) Describe the different types of enzyme inhibition with appropriate examples

Ammonia is trapped in brain by a) Glutamine Synthetase reaction b) Glutaminase reaction c) Urea Synthesis cycle d) Glutamate dehydrogenase reaction

Describe the process of transcription by providing the details on the following • Requisites • Promoters • Pre – initiation complex • Initiation, Elongation and termination • Inhibitors • Post – transcriptional modifications

Creatinine clearance and its clinical significance.

Define Enzyme, what are the factors affecting enzyme activity. Explain various mechanism of enzyme regulation.

Describe the HMP Shunt pathway and its significance

Define the lipoproteins and classify them. Explain the LDL metabolism. Write about Atherosclerosis.

What are the principles of DNA replication. Add a note on inhibitors of replication.

Gluconeogenesis is decreased by a) Glucagon b) Epinephrine c) Glucocorticoids d) Insulin

Functions and deficiency manifestations of vitamin A

What is the normal pH of blood. Describe the renal regulation of Acid Base homeostasis.

Name the ketone bodies. Describe their synthesis and catabolism. Write the causes of ketosis.

Discuss the structural and functional organization of the electron transport chain. Add a note on its inhibitors.

Competitive Inhibition of enzymes with examples

Write in detail about ATP synthesis in the body. Write briefly about inhibitors of ATP.

Serum calcium homeostasis

Glycogen storage diseases

Purine Catabolism

Catabolism of Heme

Explain the effect of Temperature and Substrate concentration on enzyme activity.

Enumerate two hormones which affect calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Mention how these hormones regulate them in the body.

Define Beta oxidation. Enumerate the steps and add a note on its regulation. Explain the energetics for palmitic acid

Describe in detail about purine catabolism. Add a note on Hyperuricemia

Which of the following enzymes is not classified under transferases a. Hexokinase b. SGOT c. Tryptophan pyrrolase d. Thiophorase

Kussmaul’s Breathing is seen in Metabolic acidosis. Justify.

Why number of tRNA required is less than the number of codons. Why Degeneracy of genetic code reduces the effect of mutations.

What is Gout. Give an account of the causes, biochemical base of clinical manifestations, investigations and management of Gout

a) G6PD protects against malaria, justify b) Alcoholics are prone to Hypoglycemia, justify

Principles and application of ELISA

There are two statements marked as-Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Mark your answer as per the options provided a) Both A and R are correct & R is the reason for A c) A incorrect R Correct b) A correct R incorrect d) Both A and R are incorrect

Diagrammatically represent the structure of trna. Describe the functions of tRNA.

Specific dynamic action

Describe in detail the reactions of transamination and oxidative deamination. Add a note on the significance of these reactions

Metabolism of tryptophan

Plasma proteins and its functions

Molecular basis, clinical features and diagnosis of sickle cell anemia.

Ammonia is trapped in the brain by: a. Glutamine synthase reaction b. Carbamoyl phosphate synthase 1 c. Citrate synthase d. Glutamate dehydrogenase

Give the sources of carbon and nitrogen atoms of purine and pyrimidine rings. How is the de novo synthesis regulated. Indicate the clinical uses of inhibitors of purine nucleotide synthesis.

Explain the steps of β-oxidation of palmitic acid, giving energetics.

Describe the source, biochemical functions, and deficiency manifestations of thiamine.

Define Detoxfication. Mention four reactions of Phase 2 detoxification.

The following nitrogenous base not present in DNA structure a. Adenine b. Guanine c. Cytosine d. Uracil

Discuss the detoxification of ammonia in the body. Mention two inborn errors associated with it.

Absorption of carbohydrates.

Justify the statement “When lactose concentration increases, the lac operon is induced”

What is Phenylketonuria. Describe the catabolism of Phenyl Alanine.

Describe the denovosynthesis of fatty acid. Add a note its regulation

Electrophoresis.

The Major Donor of Carbon Atoms to the One-Carbon Pool is a) Serine b) Tyrosine c) Threonine d) Proline

What is the normal reference range for serum calcium. How is it regulated.

Structure of B-DNA. Add a note on different types of DNA.

How are lipids digested and absorbed. Add a note on the associated disorders

Structure and functions of phospholipid

Describe how heme is degraded into bile pigments. Add a note on different types of jaundice

Gluconeogenesis

Describe the dietary sources, daily requirement and deficiency symptoms of Vitamin D.

Normal serum calcium and its regulation

Define porphyria. Classify porphyria and enumerate their salient features. Add a note on acute intermittent porphyria

Describe the reactions of Beta oxidation in the mitochondrial matrix. Add a note on ATP yield from palmitate.

Glucose transporters

The greatest buffering capacity at physiological pH would be provided by a protein rich in which of the following amino acids? a. Serine b. Cysteine c. Alanine d. Histidine

Mention the types of Porphyrias with their enzyme defects

Describe how ketone bodies are formed and degraded in the human body.

Absorption, transport and storage of iron in the body.

Enumerate the steps of TCA cycle. Add a note on malate shuttle

PCR Test

a. Premature babies with low L/S ratio are known to develop respiratory distress syndrome. Justify b. Lysosomes are called Suicidal bags. Give reason

2. Why RTPCR is better than Conventional PCR?

Enzymes bind to substrate: a. By covalent bonds b. By glycosidic bond c. At catalytic site only d. Peptide bond

Describe the principles and applications of ELISA

a) Iron is one-way element substantiate. b) Wilson's disease is associated with bronze diabetes, substantiate

Renal regulation of pH.

A 24 year old student presents with complaints of muscle pain and cramps, stiffness, tingling of hands and feet and recurrent carpopedal spasms.

Principle and applications of Beer-Lamberts law. Add a note on colorimetry

Metabolism of galactose

Nutritional classification of protein with examples

Rapaport Leubering pathway

Vitamins with antioxidant function

Outline the metabolism of glycine under following heads. Synthesis of glycine, synthesis of biologically important compounds from glycine.

Tertiary structure of protein describes: a. The sequence of amino acids b. The location of disulfide bonds c. Amino terminal end amino acid d. The nature of protein folding

Describe the process of DNA replication in eukaryotes. Name two inhibitors of replication.

Describe the steps by which catecholamines are synthesized. Outline the pathway of their degradation.

Discuss the biochemical alterations seen in blood and urine in hepatocellular jaundice

What are Oncogenes. Name four tumour markers with their clinical relevance

The bonds in protein structure that are not broken on denaturation a. Hydrogen bonds b. Peptide bonds c. lonic bonds d. Disulfide bonds

What is transamination. Explain the diagnostic significance of any one serum transaminase.

Why does Peroxidation of PUFA leads to loss of membrane function?

A 15-year old African boy studying in India was admitted to the medical ward with complaints of fever and severe body pains. On examination, hepatosplenomegaly was detected. His Hb levels were found to be very low (6.5g/dL).Microscopic examination of his blood smear revealed sickle-shaped RBC

Describe the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane with a neatly labeled diagram.

Describe the steps of catabolism of phenyl alanine and tyrosine. Add a note on inborn errors associated with them

Beri Ber

Which amino acid will give rise to major pigment of the body? a) Histidine b) Glutamic acid c) Ornithine d) Tyrosine

Mention the origin of carbon and nitrogen atoms in purine ring.

Explain glycolysis, regulation and its energetics

Mitochondria – Structure and Functions

What are the different types of RNA. Add a note on function of tRNA.

A 65-year-old male patient came to medicine department with complaints of decreased urine output with generalized edema for past 3 weeks. He was a known osteoarthritic patient and was taking NSAIDs for past 6 years.

Functions and significance of Low density lipoprotein

The following are the values obtained in an Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) analysis. (a) Name the acid-base disorder based on the findings in the above report. (b) Mention the possible causes for the above acid-base disorder. (c) Explain the compensatory mechanism in the above acid-base disorder.

Types of RNA and their functions

Describe the signs and symptoms of Thiamine deficiency.

What are the causes, biochemical findings and compensatory mechanisms in metabolic acidosis.

Cori’s cycle and its significance

Write briefly on the biologically important compounds synthesized from Glycine.

Transamination reactions

Oxidative phase of HMP Pathway

Purely ketogenic amino acid is a. Leucine b. Threonine c. Isoleucine d. Tyrosine

Respiratory Regulation of Blood pH

Formation of uric Acid

Cardiac biomarkers.

Name three B complex vitamins and its co-enzymes forms

Describe the salient features of any two types of enzyme inhibition with suitable examples

Vitamin B12 is always used with Folic acid in treatment of Macrocytic anaemia - Give reasons.

Why presence of HbF in higher concentration is beneficial to the patients with Sickle cell disease and beta thalassemia

Enumerate liver function tests. Describe any two of them in detail

a) Benedict's test is semiquantitative. Justify b) Cellulose is not digested by humans. Give reasons

What is transamination. Mention clinical importance of any two transaminases

Enumerate the applications of recombinant DNA technology. Add a note on vectors

A 51 year male came to medical OPD with complaints of feeling weak and tired for past 2 months. He had polyuria, polydipsia and felt hungry in between meals. He also has family history of Diabetes. His lab reports are: ● Fasting blood glucose: 176 mg/dl, Postprandial blood glucose: 410 mg/dl, ● Blood urea- 27mg/dl, HbA1c - 14% ● Urine: Albumin - nil, Sugar +++, Ketone bodies - nil, a) What is the probable diagnosis b) Enumerate the diagnostic criteria for Diabetes Mellitus as per American Diabetes Association (ADA) c) Discuss lab investigations done to diagnose Diabetes Mellitus with their normal levels

Classify renal function tests. Describe clearance tests in detail

Regulation of cholesterol synthesis

Define isoenzymes. Discuss the clinical significance of different isoenzyme variants of creatine kinase

Name three glycosaminoglycans and their functions

State factors affecting calcium absorption

Describe the steps of beta oxidation. Calculate the energetics from palmitic acid. (6+2)

Formation of dTMP requires a. Coenzyme A b. NADPH c. Vitamin C d. Molybdenum

Describe recombinant DNA technology. Add a note on its applications.

How are dietary triglycerides absorbed and transported in plasma. Briefly explain the transport of dietary triglyceride from intestine to liver.

Explain renal regulation of maintaining blood pH

Which is a sulfur containing essential amino acid a. Methionine b. Cysteine c. Cystine d. All of them

What is glutathione and mention its importance in the body.

Why Urine colour appears pink to red in porphyria cutanea tarda?

An unconscious patient was rushed to the Emergency department of the hospital. History taken from the attendant revealed that patient was a known Diabetic, blood samples were collected and sent to clinical laboratory for analysis. a) What could be your probable diagnosis b) Which relevant investigations you would suggest for this patient c) Explain the role of Kidneys in maintenance of Acid base homeostasis d) How is the compensation brought about in this patient

Explain the Quarternary structure of proteins with example.

Outline the pathway of heme synthesis. Mention its regulation

Homogentisic acid is excreted in urine in a) Phenylketonuria b) Maple syrup urine disease c) Tyrosinosis d) Alkaptonuria

Describe the various stages of replication and add a note on DNA repair mechanism

Wald’s visual cycle

What is thalassemia. Discuss the clinical features, molecular basis and laboratory diagnosis of thalassemia

Km value and its significance

What is the role of kidney in the regulation of pH

A 35-year-old male patient was admitted with complaints of drowsiness and vision loss. Detailed history revealed he has consumed alcohol adulterated with cheap methanol on the previous day. His Arterial blood gas analysis report is as follows. Blood pH: 7.2, HCO₃‾: 16 mmol/L, pCO₂: 41 mm Hg a) What acid base imbalance, the patient probably has b) What are the normal reference ranges for the given ABG parameters c) What are buffers. List any TWO intracellular and extracellular buffers d) Explain the role of kidneys in blood pH regulation.

Hormonal regulation of blood sugar

Purine salvage pathways

Draw a neat labeled diagram of electron transport chain. Add a note on chemiosmotic hypothesis

Describe any two Shuttle mechanisms across the mitochondrial membrane.

RNA synthesis is different from DNA synthesis com in the following ways, except: a. No efficient proofreading function during RNA synthesis b. Primer is not involved in RNA synthesis com c. DNA synthesis occurs with 5'-3' polarity, whereas RNA synthesis occurs with 3'-5' polarity d. 'U' replaces 'T' as the complementary base for 'A' in RNA synthesis

Prostaglandins

Applications of Radioactive Isotopes

Functions of vitamin B6

Describe the secondary structure of proteins.Give examples.

Rickets

Define nitrogen balance. Add a note on the clinical conditions altering nitrogen balance

RFT

Sodium glucose transport is called secondary active transport. Justify.

Why are globulins increased in chronic liver disease but albumin is decreased? Why Edema is seen in Liver disease?

Describe recombinant DNA technology. What are the applications of the technique

a) Vitamin B12 deficiency results in a Folate trap. Why? b) Vitamin K injection is given to all newborns. Why?

Anti oxidant enzymes and vitamins.

Isoenzymes and its diagnostic importance

Describe the structure and functions of immunoglobulins

Write in detail about sources, RDA, coenzyme forms, causes and deficiency manifestations of folic acid

Describe PCR and its applications. Add a note on its significance in diagnosis of covid-19

Digestion and absorption of lipids

Role of cytochromes in Electron transport chain

Trans methylation reactions

Clinical applications of tumor markers

Causes, clinical features, biochemical manifestations and treatment of kwashiorkor.

Secondary hyperuricemia is present in all the following conditions a. Polycythemia b. Cytotoxic drug therapy c. Leukemia d. Hepatitis

Name the renal clearance tests. Give details of any one of them. What is its clinical significance

What are the different types of enzyme inhibition. Explain with suitable examples.

Enumerate different immunoglobulins. Describe the structure of immunoglobulin

What is the normal serum calcium level. How is it regulated.

The following coenzyme is a nucleotide a. FAD b. NAD+ c. CoASH d. All of them

Biochemical defect, clinical features and diagnosis of phenylketonuria.

Why do individuals with IgA deficiency often present with recurrent respiratory and gastrointestinal infections?

Define and explain the steps involved in the process of Translation. What is Post Translational modifications, give four examples

What is reverse cholesterol transport.

Ochronosis is seen in a) Phenyl Ketonuria b) Alkaptonuria c) Tyrosinosis d) Albinism

Primary and secondary immune response

Functions and deficiency manifestations of thiamine

Define dietary fibres. Give suitable examples and their biomedical importance.

Hormones regulating blood glucose level

Salvage pathway of purine synthesis

A 45-year-old known alcoholic for 15 years was admitted to emergency with hematemesis in an unconscious state. On examination he was jaundiced with massive ascites. His serum bilirubin was 11 mg/dL. a) What is your probable diagnosis b) Explain the metabolism of bilirubin in the body c) What are types of hyperbilirubinemias and their causes d) Differentiate different types of jaundice based on biochemical investigations in a table format

Secondary structure of protein

Importance of Selenium in the human body.

Describe the coenzyme form, sources, biomedical role and deficiency manifestation of syndrome

Classification of enzymes with suitable examples.

Phospholipids

The translation factor which helps in forming ternary tRNA methionine complex is: a. elF2C b. elF4A c. elF4B d. elF3

Define point mutation and types with one example

Explain the role of Carnitine in fatty acid oxidation.

Discuss the catabolism of heme. Describe the causes and laboratory finding in obstructive jaundice

Mechanisms of hormone action

Dietary fibres are included in balanced diet. Give reasons.

A 3-year-old girl presents with poor growth, fatigue, pallor, macrocytic anemia. Despite treatment with Iron, B12 and folic acid, the anemia persists. Urine examination shows orotic acid. a) What is your probable diagnosis? b) Which enzyme is defective? c) How does uridine supplementation help in this disorder? How does this condition lead to macrocytic anemia? A 56 year old woman presents with swelling and pain in the first toe of the right foot. Her uric acid level was 8 mg/dL. Write the degradation of purine nucleotides.

Explain the salient features of structural organization of collagen. Mention the major disorders associated with collagen structure and function

Describe the regulation of blood glucose. Mention the normal level of haemoglobin A1c in healthy individuals, pre-diabetics and Diabetics. Write its significance

Mention the biochemical functions of calcium and describe the blood calcium homeostasis

A 49-year-old women was admitted to hospital. She had polyuria, lost weight, had a fruity odour in breath.The following were her lab reports. ● Blood glucose= 450 mg/dl, ● Urine glucose= 4+, Urine Rothera’s test= positive, Urine pH= 5.5 a) What is the probable diagnosis. b) Explain the clinical features of the disorder. c) Write briefly about ketogenesis.

Discuss the structure and functions of immunoglobulin. Add a note on monoclonal antibodies

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

Diagnostic importance of enzymes

List the cardiac markers

Sources, biochemical functions and deficiency manifestations of niacin.

Which of the below mentioned enzyme does not contain copper: a. Cytochrome oxidase b. Superoxide dismutase c. Xanthine oxidase d. Tyrosinase

Enumerate the immunoglobulin and classify their functions. Describe the structure of immunoglobulins.

Enumerate the steps of purine catabolism. Add a note on gout.

Iron in the mucosal cells binds with the protein a. Transferrin b. Ferritin c. Ceruloplasmin d. Hemosiderin

Role of carnitine in fatty acid oxidation with the help of a diagram.

Definition and characteristics of denaturation.

A 38-year-old chronic alcoholic male presents with abdominal pain and jaundice. His lab results show, ALT: 150 IU/L, AST: 200 IU/L, ALP: 250 IU/L, GGT: 440 IU/L, Total bilirubin: 8 mg/dl, direct bilirubin: 6 mg/dl. a) What is the probable diagnosis? b) Interpret the laboratory investigation? c) How is bilirubin transported in blood?

A patient gave history of recurrent episodes of vomiting and fever. On examination he was icteric, dehydrated and his liver was palpable. Following is the biochemical report of this patient: Serum total Bilirubin- 12 mg% conjugated bilirubin – 5.5 mg %, unconjugated bilirubin - 6.5 mg %, serum Alkaline phosphatase – 278 IU /L, AST – 235 IU/L , ALT – 365 IU/ L, Bile salts – Negative, Bile Pigments – positive , Fecal stercobilinogen – positive. a) What could be your probable Diagnosis b) Explain how Bilirubin is formed and excreted from the body.

What are mucopolysaccharides. Give examples.

Explain how proteins are digested and absorbed in the body

Iron deficiency Anemia

The anti-coagulant found in the body a) Potassium oxalate b) Sodium Citrate c) Heparin d) EDTA

What are the sources for purine ring. Enumerate the reactions in denovo synthesis of purine nucleotide. Add a note on its regulation.

Trace elements

Explain electron transport chain with a suitable diagram. Add a note on the inhibitors of ETC

Fate of pyruvate

What is mutation. Describe point mutation and frameshift mutation

What is an operon. Draw the basic structure of Lac operon. Explain the regulation of Lac operon under following conditions, a] presence of glucose only and b] presence of lactose only.

Non-Competitive inhibition

DNA repair mechanisms

What are tumour markers. Give examples.

What is the role of buffers in regulating blood pH

Glycemic index: definition and importance

Functions of Vitamin C

Differential diagnosis of Jaundice by Laboratory tests.

Nucleosomes are a fundamental unit of DNA organization. It consists of histones complexed to DNA. Histone proteins present in nucleosomes are rich in which of the following amino acids: a. Histidine and lysine b. Lysine and arginine c. Arginine and histidine d. Histidine and valine

ATP synthase complex

Absorption and transport of iron

Describe the Malate Aspartate shuttle.

What are the sources of vitamin A. Enumerate the biochemical role and deficiency manifestations of vitamin A

Electrolytes

Enumerate the biomarkers used in diagnosis of Myocardial infarction. Discuss the pattern of elevation of various enzymes in Myocardial infarction

A 40-year-old woman presents with a breast lump. Biopsy shows overexpression of HER2/neu oncogene. a) What is this condition? b) Explain the role of proto-oncogenes and oncogenes in cancer development with suitable examples

What is code. Describe the salient features of genetic code

A 6-year-old boy presents with spongy bleeding gums, swollen gingiva, and painful swelling of joints with pale conjunctivae. The pediatrician advised the mother to give plenty of citrus fruits to her child a) What is the probable diagnosis? b) Which biomolecule is deficient in this condition? c) What are the functions of this biomolecule?

Isomerism of carbohydrates

Role of cytokines in immunity

Give an account of formation of specialized products from glycine and their clinical importance.

Contractile proteins

Isoenzymes - 2 Examples

Fatty liver and lipotropic factors

Zinc is constituent of all the following enzymes except: a. Alkaline phosphatase b. Amylase c. Carbonic anhydrase

Transamination

Ribosomes

Regulation of heme synthesis

Biochemical role of iron

Hemophilia A is due to the deficiency of clotting factor a. X b. V c. Vill d. Il

A 58-year-old male with sepsis presents with serum Urea: 120 mg/dl, creatinine: 2.3 mg/dL. urine output: 450 mL/day. a) What is the probable diagnosis? b) Mention the other causes for this organ failure. c) Differentiate creatinine vs urea clearance

Discuss the clinical features, Biochemical basis and diagnosis of Gout

What is Allosteric Inhibition of enzymes. Give one example.

tRNA